Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico: Where, when, and why?

Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico: Where, when, and why?
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墨西哥湾赤潮:地点、时间和原因?

DOI:
10.1029/2004jc002813
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发表时间:
2006
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Kirkp
Kirkp
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Walsh,JJ;Jolliff,JK;Darrow,BP;Lenes,JM;Milroy,SP;Remsen,A;Dieterle,DA;Carder,KL;Chen,FR;Vargo,GA;Weisberg,RH;Fanning,KA;Muller-Karger,FE;Shinn,E;Steidinger,KA;Heil,CA;Tomas,CR;Prospero,JS;Lee,TN;Kirkp

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来自墨西哥湾的独立数据被用来发展和检验这样一个假设:每年相同序列的物理和生态事件使得有毒甲藻Karenia brevisto 成为主导。一旦撒哈拉富铁尘埃的沉积事件允许Trichodesmium 水华利用贫氮海水中普遍存在的溶解氮气,富含磷的营养供应就会启动浮游植物的演替。他们和同时发生的K。 brevisare 位于埃克曼底部层内,因为它们在中架上具有相似的昼夜垂直迁移模式。当这些近底种子种群上岸至沿海地区富含 CDOM 的地表水域时,对约 1 ug chl l−1 鱼毒 K 的小赤潮有光抑制作用。短症减轻。因此,死鱼作为补充营养源,产生约 10 ug chl l−1 的大型自遮蔽赤潮。磷的来源主要来自佛罗里达州西部附近的化石,过去来自富营养化的奥基乔比湖的营养添加对那里的影响微乎其微。相比之下,磷源主要来自得克萨斯州附近的人为来源,因为密西西比河的营养负荷和下游赤潮的空间范围在过去 100 年中都增加了。在过去的一个世纪中,特别是在过去的十年中,以前神秘的Karenia spp。在全球对荒漠化和富营养化的反应中,赤潮已在日本、中国、新西兰、澳大利亚和南非附近戈壁沙漠、辛普森沙漠、大西部沙漠和喀拉哈里沙漠下游的其他西部边界流的类似沿海栖息地引起有毒赤潮。
Independent data from the Gulf of Mexico are used to develop and test the hypothesis that the same sequence of physical and ecological events each year allows the toxic dinoflagellateKarenia brevisto become dominant. A phosphorus‐rich nutrient supply initiates phytoplankton succession, once deposition events of Saharan iron‐rich dust allowTrichodesmiumblooms to utilize ubiquitous dissolved nitrogen gas within otherwise nitrogen‐poor sea water. They and the co‐occurringK. brevisare positioned within the bottom Ekman layers, as a consequence of their similar diel vertical migration patterns on the middle shelf. Upon onshore upwelling of these near‐bottom seed populations to CDOM‐rich surface waters of coastal regions, light‐inhibition of the small red tide of ∼1 ug chl l−1of ichthytoxicK. brevisis alleviated. Thence, dead fish serve as a supplementary nutrient source, yielding large, self‐shaded red tides of ∼10 ug chl l−1.The source of phosphorus is mainly of fossil origin off west Florida, where past nutrient additions from the eutrophied Lake Okeechobee had minimal impact. In contrast, the P‐sources are of mainly anthropogenic origin off Texas, since both the nutrient loadings of Mississippi River and the spatial extent of the downstream red tides have increased over the last 100 years. During the past century and particularly within the last decade, previously crypticKarenia spp. have caused toxic red tides in similar coastal habitats of other western boundary currents off Japan, China, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa, downstream of the Gobi, Simpson, Great Western, and Kalahari Deserts, in a global response to both desertification and eutrophication.
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