Environmental exposures and mammary gland development: state of the science, public health implications, and research recommendations.
Environmental exposures and mammary gland development: state of the science, public health implications, and research recommendations.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.1002864
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发表时间：
2011-08
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Makris SL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rudel RA;Fenton SE;Ackerman JM;Euling SY;Makris SL
目的：乳腺（MG）发育紊乱可能会增加后期不良反应的风险，包括泌乳障碍、男性乳房发育（男性）和乳腺癌。动物研究表明，暴露于生殖活性剂导致这种类型的发育影响和相关的晚年生活能力。在这篇综述中，我们描述了当前的科学，公共卫生问题，并评估MG发展的研究建议。数据来源：乳腺评价和风险评估研讨会于2009年11月16-17日在美国加州奥克兰召开，旨在整合科学家、风险评估员和公共卫生倡导者的专业知识和观点。对18名专家进行了访谈，7个实验室进行了MG载玻片评价。研讨会参与者讨论了妊娠期和生命早期暴露于生殖活性药物对MG发展的影响，这些发展影响与哺乳和癌症的关系，MG和其他发育终点的相对敏感性，动物模型与人类的相关性，以及评估MG影响的方法。合成：正常的MG发展和MG致癌表现出时间，形态和机制的相似性之间的测试动物物种和人类。多种化学物质，包括许多不被认为主要是雌激素，改变MG的发展在啮齿动物。不一致的报告方法阻碍了研究之间的比较，发育改变与对哺乳或致癌作用的影响之间的关系仍在确定中。在一些研究中，MG发展的改变是最敏感的内分泌终点。结论：早期生活环境暴露可以改变MG的发展，中断哺乳，并增加乳腺癌的易感性。MG发展的评估应纳入化学试验指南和风险评估。
Objectives: Perturbations in mammary gland (MG) development may increase risk for later adverse effects, including lactation impairment, gynecomastia (in males), and breast cancer. Animal studies indicate that exposure to hormonally active agents leads to this type of developmental effect and related later life susceptibilities. In this review we describe current science, public health issues, and research recommendations for evaluating MG development. Data sources: The Mammary Gland Evaluation and Risk Assessment Workshop was convened in Oakland, California, USA, 16–17 November 2009, to integrate the expertise and perspectives of scientists, risk assessors, and public health advocates. Interviews were conducted with 18 experts, and seven laboratories conducted an MG slide evaluation exercise. Workshop participants discussed effects of gestational and early life exposures to hormonally active agents on MG development, the relationship of these developmental effects to lactation and cancer, the relative sensitivity of MG and other developmental end points, the relevance of animal models to humans, and methods for evaluating MG effects. Synthesis: Normal MG development and MG carcinogenesis demonstrate temporal, morphological, and mechanistic similarities among test animal species and humans. Diverse chemicals, including many not considered primarily estrogenic, alter MG development in rodents. Inconsistent reporting methods hinder comparison across studies, and relationships between altered development and effects on lactation or carcinogenesis are still being defined. In some studies, altered MG development is the most sensitive endocrine end point. Conclusions: Early life environmental exposures can alter MG development, disrupt lactation, and increase susceptibility to breast cancer. Assessment of MG development should be incorporated in chemical test guidelines and risk assessment.
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