The ethics of diplomatic criticism: The Responsibility to Protect, Just War Theory and Presumptive Last Resort.
The ethics of diplomatic criticism: The Responsibility to Protect, Just War Theory and Presumptive Last Resort.
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DOI：
10.1177/1354066115572491
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发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Pattison J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pattison J
本文提出了外交批评作为对大规模暴行和严重外部侵略的回应的伦理案例。简而言之，它认为，国家有道德责任批评违规方。更具体地说，它认为，外交批评往往是解决严重外部侵略和大规模暴行（如战争，经济制裁和其他外交措施）的其他手段的合理和可取的替代办法。它还认为，外交批评往往比什么都不做更可取，即使采取其他手段，国家也应该进行外交批评。该条还有两个次要目的。第一个是驳斥围绕国际伪善的一些担忧--我的目的是表明，即使是伪善的外交批评也可能是必须的。第二个是强调更详细地考虑战争替代方案（如外交批评）所引发的伦理问题对正义战争理论的影响，更具体地说，提出了一个关于最后手段原则的新解释，我称之为“推定最后手段”。
This article presents the ethical case for diplomatic criticism as a response to mass atrocities and serious external aggression. It argues, in short, that states have a moral duty to criticise the offending parties. More specifically, it argues that diplomatic criticism is often a plausible and preferable alternative to other means of addressing serious external aggression and mass atrocities (such as war, economic sanctions and other diplomatic measures). It also argues that diplomatic criticism is often preferable to doing nothing, and that even if other means are undertaken, states should engage in diplomatic criticism as well. There are two subsidiary aims of the article. The first is to reject some of the worries surrounding international hypocrisy — I aim to show that even hypocritical diplomatic criticism may be obligatory. The second is to highlight the impact on Just War Theory of considering in more detail the ethical issues raised by the alternatives to war, such as diplomatic criticism, and, more specifically, to present a new account of the last resort principle, which I call ‘Presumptive Last Resort’.
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