Acute Stimulant Treatment and Reinforcement Increase the Speed of Information Accumulation in Children with ADHD.
Acute Stimulant Treatment and Reinforcement Increase the Speed of Information Accumulation in Children with ADHD.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10802-016-0222-0
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发表时间：
2017-07
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Hawk, Larry W., Jr.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fosco, Whitney D.;White, Corey N.;Hawk, Larry W., Jr.
目前的研究使用漂移扩散模型(DDM)来检验强化和刺激性药物如何影响ADHD儿童的认知任务表现。在研究1中，患有ADHD的儿童(n=25；88%为男性)和没有ADHD的儿童(n=33；82%的男性)在基线(100次试验)时完成了一项二选一的辨别任务，一周后，在交替强化和非强化的情况下(总共400次试验)再次完成了这一任务。在研究2中，患有ADHD的参与者(n=29；72%为男性)完成了0.3和0.6 mg/kg哌醋甲酯的双盲安慰剂对照试验，并在基线(100次试验)下完成了与研究1相同的任务。ADHD儿童积累信息的速度比对照组慢得多，漂移率较低就是明证。两组在犹豫不决时间和边界分离方面相似。强化和刺激性药物均显著改善ADHD儿童的漂移率(强化和哌醋甲酯的DS分别为0.70和0.95)；两种治疗也减少了边界分离(DS=0.70和0.39)。强调快速准确性的强化减少了犹豫不决时间(d=0.37)，而刺激性药物增加了犹豫不决时间(d=0.38)。这些研究提供了初步证据，表明ADHD的一线治疗主要通过提高信息积累的速度/效率来影响患有ADHD的青少年的认知表现。对其他DDM参数的处理效果可能因处理而异，或与任务参数(试验次数、任务难度)相互作用。DDM与其他方法相结合，可能有助于阐明ADHD被破坏的特定认知过程，以及ADHD治疗效果的基本机制。
The current studies utilized drift diffusion modeling (DDM) to examine how reinforcement and stimulant medication affect cognitive task performance in children with ADHD. In Study 1, children with (n= 25; 88% male) and without ADHD (n=33; 82% male) completed a 2-choice discrimination task at baseline (100 trials) and again a week later under alternating reinforcement and no-reinforcement contingencies (400 trials total). In Study 2, participants with ADHD (n= 29; 72% male) completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg methylphenidate and completed the same task utilized in Study 1 at baseline (100 trials). Children with ADHD accumulated information at a much slower rate than controls, as evidenced by a lower drift rate. Groups were similar in nondecision time and boundary separation. Both reinforcement and stimulant medication markedly improved drift rate in children with ADHD (ds= 0.70 and 0.95 for reinforcement and methylphenidate, respectively); both treatments also reduced boundary separation (ds= 0.70 and 0.39). Reinforcement, which emphasized speeded accuracy, reduced nondecision time (d= 0.37), whereas stimulant medication increased nondecision time (d= 0.38). These studies provide initial evidence that frontline treatments for ADHD primarily impact cognitive performance in youth with ADHD by improving the speed/efficiency of information accumulation. Treatment effects on other DDM parameters may vary between treatments or interact with task parameters (number of trials, task difficulty). DDM, in conjunction with other approaches, may be helpful in clarifying the specific cognitive processes that are disrupted in ADHD, as well as the basic mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of ADHD treatments.
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哌醋甲酯改善了注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的反应抑制，但不能改善反射冲突。
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
DeVito, Elise E.;Blackwell, Andrew D.;Clark, Luke;Kent, Lindsey;Dezsery, Anna Maria;Turner, Danielle C.;Aitken, Michael R. F.;Sahakian, Barbara J.
通讯作者：
Sahakian, Barbara J.
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Huang-Pollock, Cynthia L.;Karalunas, Sarah L.;Moore, Amy N.
通讯作者：
Moore, Amy N.
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
Fosco, Whitney D.;Hawk, Larry W., Jr.;Bubnik, Michelle G.
通讯作者：
Bubnik, Michelle G.
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Bubnik MG;Hawk LW Jr;Pelham WE Jr;Waxmonsky JG;Rosch KS
通讯作者：
Rosch KS
影响因子：
10.6
作者：
Mulder, Martijn J.;Bos, Dienke;Durston, Sarah
通讯作者：
Durston, Sarah