Comparative inhalation toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and low surface carbon black.
Comparative inhalation toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and low surface carbon black.
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DOI：
10.1186/1743-8977-10-23
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发表时间：
2013-06-17
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Landsiedel R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ma-Hock L;Strauss V;Treumann S;Küttler K;Wohlleben W;Hofmann T;Gröters S;Wiench K;van Ravenzwaay B;Landsiedel R
碳纳米管、石墨烯、纳米石墨片和炭黑是看似化学性质相同的碳基纳米材料，具有广泛的技术应用。碳纳米管和炭黑具有不同的吸入毒性，而石墨烯和纳米石墨片却知之甚少。为了比较上述碳基纳米材料的吸入毒性，雄性 Wistar 大鼠连续 5 天将头鼻暴露于各种材料的气氛中，每天 6 小时。多壁碳纳米管的目标浓度为 0.1、0.5 或 2.5 mg/m3，石墨烯、石墨纳米片和低表面炭黑的目标浓度为 0.5、2.5 或 10 mg/m3。在接触结束后和三周恢复后，使用支气管肺泡灌洗液和整个呼吸道的显微镜检查确定毒性。吸入暴露于 10 mg/m3 纳米石墨片或相对低比表面积的炭黑后，未观察到任何不良影响。多壁碳纳米管暴露浓度为 0.5 mg/m3，石墨烯暴露浓度为 10 mg/m3 时，指示炎症过程的灌洗标记物开始增加。与灌洗液的变化一致，在 2.5 mg/m3 多壁碳纳米管和 10 mg/m3 石墨烯浓度下观察到微肉芽肿。为了评估肺的体积负荷作为驱动毒性的关键参数，计算了沉积颗粒体积，同时考虑了确定团聚密度的不同方法。然而，计算出的体积负荷与毒性无关，肺的颗粒表面负荷也与毒性无关。所研究的碳基材料的吸入毒性可能是多个参数的复杂相互作用。在确定控制毒性的特性之前，短期吸入测试是确定危险特性的最佳选择，以避免不安全的应用或为给定应用选择更安全的替代品。
Carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and carbon black are seemingly chemically identical carbon-based nano-materials with broad technological applications. Carbon nanotubes and carbon black possess different inhalation toxicities, whereas little is known about graphene and graphite nanoplatelets. In order to compare the inhalation toxicity of the mentioned carbon-based nanomaterials, male Wistar rats were exposed head-nose to atmospheres of the respective materials for 6 hours per day on 5 consecutive days. Target concentrations were 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/m3 for multi-wall carbon nanotubes and 0.5, 2.5, or 10 mg/m3 for graphene, graphite nanoplatelets and low-surface carbon black. Toxicity was determined after end of exposure and after three-week recovery using broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and microscopic examinations of the entire respiratory tract. No adverse effects were observed after inhalation exposure to 10 mg/m3 graphite nanoplatelets or relatively low specific surface area carbon black. Increases of lavage markers indicative for inflammatory processes started at exposure concentration of 0.5 mg/m3 for multi-wall carbon nanotubes and 10 mg/m3 for graphene. Consistent with the changes in lavage fluid, microgranulomas were observed at 2.5 mg/m3 multi-wall carbon nanotubes and 10 mg/m3 graphene. In order to evaluate volumetric loading of the lung as the key parameter driving the toxicity, deposited particle volume was calculated, taking into account different methods to determine the agglomerate density. However, the calculated volumetric load did not correlate to the toxicity, nor did the particle surface burden of the lung. The inhalation toxicity of the investigated carbon-based materials is likely to be a complex interaction of several parameters. Until the properties which govern the toxicity are identified, testing by short-term inhalation is the best option to identify hazardous properties in order to avoid unsafe applications or select safer alternatives for a given application.
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