Foods, fortificants, and supplements: Where do Americans get their nutrients?
Foods, fortificants, and supplements: Where do Americans get their nutrients?
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DOI：
10.3945/jn.111.142257
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发表时间：
2011-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Dwyer J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fulgoni VL 3rd;Keast DR;Bailey RL;Dwyer J
在美国，关于日常营养摄入来源的数据有限。该分析旨在评估微量营养素对所有来源（天然存在的、强化和强化的以及膳食补充剂）的日常摄入量的贡献，并根据NHANES 2003-2006 （n = 16,110）将通常摄入量与美国≥2岁居民的膳食参考摄入量进行比较。我们使用国家癌症研究所的方法按来源评估19种微量营养素的通常摄入量。只有一小部分人的日常总摄入量（来自膳食摄入量和补充剂）低于以下估计的平均需求量（EAR）：维生素B-6（8%）、叶酸（8%）、锌（8%）、硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、维生素B-12、磷、铁、铜和硒（均<6%）。然而，更多的人的维生素A、C、D和E（分别为34%、25%、70%和60%）、钙（38%）和镁（45%）的总正常摄入量低于EAR。只有3%和35%的人的钾和维生素K的总摄入量分别高于正常摄入量。强化和/或强化主要有助于维生素A、C和D、维生素b1、铁和叶酸的摄入。膳食补充剂进一步降低了所有营养素摄入量低于EAR的人口比例。大多数营养素的总摄入量超过可耐受最高摄入量（UL）的人口比例非常低，而烟酸和锌的摄入量分别超过可耐受最高摄入量的人口比例分别为10.3%和8.4%。没有强化和补充，许多美国人没有达到《膳食参考摄入量》中所建议的微量营养素摄入量水平。
Limited data are available on the source of usual nutrient intakes in the United States. This analysis aimed to assess contributions of micronutrients to usual intakes derived from all sources (naturally occurring, fortified and enriched, and dietary supplements) and to compare usual intakes to the Dietary Reference Intake for U.S. residents aged ≥2 y according to NHANES 2003–2006 (n = 16,110). We used the National Cancer Institute method to assess usual intakes of 19 micronutrients by source. Only a small percentage of the population had total usual intakes (from dietary intakes and supplements) below the estimated average requirement (EAR) for the following: vitamin B-6 (8%), folate (8%), zinc (8%), thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-12, phosphorus, iron, copper, and selenium (<6% for all). However, more of the population had total usual intakes below the EAR for vitamins A, C, D, and E (34, 25, 70, and 60%, respectively), calcium (38%), and magnesium (45%). Only 3 and 35% had total usual intakes of potassium and vitamin K, respectively, greater than the adequate intake. Enrichment and/or fortification largely contributed to intakes of vitamins A, C, and D, thiamin, iron, and folate. Dietary supplements further reduced the percentage of the population consuming less than the EAR for all nutrients. The percentage of the population with total intakes greater than the tolerable upper intake level (UL) was very low for most nutrients, whereas 10.3 and 8.4% of the population had intakes greater than the UL for niacin and zinc, respectively. Without enrichment and/or fortification and supplementation, many Americans did not achieve the recommended micronutrient intake levels set forth in the Dietary Reference Intake.
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影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Bailey, Regan L.;Gahche, Jaime J.;Picciano, Mary Frances
通讯作者：
Picciano, Mary Frances
影响因子：
2
作者：
Tooze, Janet A.;Kipnis, Victor;Buckman, Dennis W.;Carroll, Raymond J.;Freedman, Laurence S.;Guenther, Patricia M.;Krebs-Smith, Susan M.;Subar, Amy F.;Dodd, Kevin W.
通讯作者：
Dodd, Kevin W.
影响因子：
7.1
作者：
Bailey, Regan L.;Dodd, Kevin W.;Picciano, Mary Frances
通讯作者：
Picciano, Mary Frances
影响因子：
7.1
作者：
Swinburn, BA;Jolle, D;Ravussin, E
通讯作者：
Ravussin, E
影响因子：
7.1
作者：
Rock, Cheryl L.
通讯作者：
Rock, Cheryl L.