Variability in the control of cell division underlies sepal epidermal patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Variability in the control of cell division underlies sepal epidermal patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1000367
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发表时间：
2010-05-11
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Meyerowitz EM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Roeder AH;Chickarmane V;Cunha A;Obara B;Manjunath BS;Meyerowitz EM
活细胞成像和计算建模解释了细胞分裂时间的可变性如何在发育过程中产生细胞大小的特征模式。在发育过程中，器官的生长和增殖是如何被精确控制的，以及细胞分裂的调节如何有助于复杂细胞类型模式的形成，这些都是发育生物学中的重要问题。这种不同细胞大小的模式是拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）最外层花器官萼片的特征。为了确定细胞大小模式是如何在萼片表皮中形成的，我们在从计算模型生成预测和通过延时成像测试这些预测之间进行了权衡。我们发现，细胞大小的多样性是由于个体细胞决定何时分裂和何时停止分裂并进入专门的核内复制细胞周期的可变性。我们进一步表明，改变细胞周期抑制剂的活性会使时间发生偏差，并改变细胞大小模式，正如我们的模型预测的那样。模型和观察结果表明，细胞分裂时间的变化是形成特征模式的主要决定因素。细胞分裂的调节如何有助于器官中的细胞模式化是发育生物学中的一个重要问题。我们选择研究细胞大小模式在拟南芥萼片，绿色叶状花器官，因为它包含了广泛的细胞大小-从巨细胞到小细胞-因为萼片，作为最外层的花器官，是活细胞成像。在这项研究中，我们对活体萼片的早期发育进行了成像，并跟踪每一次细胞分裂，以确定不同大小的细胞是如何产生的。我们观察到细胞分裂和停止分裂的时间是高度可变的。使用计算建模，然后，我们表明，这些决定是随机的概率，我们在体内观察到的模型可以概括生产的活萼片中看到的细胞大小的范围。我们还表明，在我们的模型中改变这些概率，可以有力地预测在细胞分裂时间改变的突变植物中观察到的新细胞模式。我们的结论是，概率决定的个别细胞，而不是确定性的，器官范围内的机制，可以产生一个特征和强大的细胞大小模式的发展。
Live cell imaging and computational modeling explains how variability in the timing of cell division generates a characteristic pattern of cell sizes during development. How growth and proliferation are precisely controlled in organs during development and how the regulation of cell division contributes to the formation of complex cell type patterns are important questions in developmental biology. Such a pattern of diverse cell sizes is characteristic of the sepals, the outermost floral organs, of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To determine how the cell size pattern is formed in the sepal epidermis, we iterate between generating predictions from a computational model and testing these predictions through time-lapse imaging. We show that the cell size diversity is due to the variability in decisions of individual cells about when to divide and when to stop dividing and enter the specialized endoreduplication cell cycle. We further show that altering the activity of cell cycle inhibitors biases the timing and changes the cell size pattern as our model predicts. Models and observations together demonstrate that variability in the time of cell division is a major determinant in the formation of a characteristic pattern. How the regulation of cell division contributes to cell patterning in an organ is an important question in developmental biology. We chose to study cell size patterning in the Arabidopsis sepal, the green leaf-like floral organ, because it contains a wide range of cell sizes—from giant cells to small cells—and because sepals, as the outermost floral organ, are accessible for live cell imaging. In this study we image the early development of living sepals and follow each of the cell divisions to determine how cells of different sizes are created. We observe that the times when cells divide and when they stop dividing are highly variable. Using computational modeling, we then show that a model in which these decisions are made randomly with the probabilities we observed in vivo can recapitulate the production of the range of cell sizes seen in the living sepal. We also show that changing these probabilities within our model robustly predicts the novel cell patterns observed in mutant plants with altered cell division timing. We conclude that probabilistic decisions of individual cells—rather than deterministic, organ-wide mechanisms—can produce a characteristic and robust cell size pattern in development.
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