Concealed nitrogen footprint in protein-free foods: an empirical example using oil palm products
Concealed nitrogen footprint in protein-free foods: an empirical example using oil palm products
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无蛋白质食品中的隐藏氮足迹：使用油棕产品的经验示例
DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/ab68ea
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Nishina Kazuya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hayashi Kentaro;Oita Azusa;Nishina Kazuya
满足人类食物需求的农粮系统向环境释放了大量的氮负荷。氮足迹是个人食物和能量消耗的氮负荷的指标。一种自下而上的方法称为“N计算器方法”，使用所消耗食物中的N含量来计算食物N足迹，因此无蛋白质食物的N足迹被视为零。这种方法低估了无蛋白质食品的氮足迹，如油和糖，当源作物在生产中需要氮输入时。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个替代因子，无蛋白质食品的虚拟氮因子（VNFree），定义为每单位重量消耗的食物的潜在氮负荷，明确计算生产氮足迹。油棕榈及其产品，棕榈油（PO）和棕榈仁油（PKO），被选为本案例研究的无蛋白质食品。全球平均VNFree值的PO和PKO获得的平均国家规模的数据与最大的生产（印度尼西亚，马来西亚和泰国）分别为0.0241和0.0037公斤N kg-1石油。VNFree值的6.5倍差异归因于油产率的差异。PO和PKO的食物氮足迹计算在这里代表了不到2%的以前报告的总食物氮足迹的几个国家。然而，油棕产品也用于工业，油棕的化肥消耗量仅占所有油、糖作物的8%-12%。所有这些产品的无蛋白质氮足迹将大得多。我们预计，目前的N计算器方法作为一种自下而上的方法将通过扩展VNFree概念得到改进，这使得能够计算无蛋白质产品中隐藏的N足迹，包括所有使用的油料和糖料作物。
The agro-food system satisfying human food demand releases heavy nitrogen (N) loads into the environment. The N footprint is an indicator of N loads from individual consumption of food as well as energy. A bottom-up approach called the'N-calculator method'calculates the food N footprint using the N content in consumed foods, such that the N footprint of protein-free foods is treated as zero. This method underestimates the N footprint of protein-free foods, such as oil and sugar, when the source crops require N input in production. In this study, we propose a substitution factor, the virtual nitrogen factor for protein-free foods (VNFree), defined as the potential N load per unit weight of consumed food, to explicitly calculate the production N footprint. Oil palm and its products, palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PKO), were chosen for this case study of protein-free foods. Global mean VNFree values of PO and PKO obtained by averaging national-scale data of the three countries with the largest production (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand) were 0.0241 and 0.0037 kg N kg–1 oil, respectively. The 6.5-times difference in VNFree values was attributed to the difference in oil yield. The food N footprint of PO and PKO calculated here represented less than 2% of the previously reported total food N footprints of several countries. However, oil palm products are also used for industry, and the chemical fertilizer consumption for oil palm accounted for only 8%–12% of that of all oil and sugar crops. The protein-free N footprint of all these products will be much larger. We expect that the current N-calculator method as a bottom-up approach will be improved by expanding the VNFree concept, which enables the calculation of the concealed N footprint in protein-free products, including all uses of oil and sugar crops.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1804775115
发表时间：
2018-08-28
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Strona G;Stringer SD;Vieilledent G;Szantoi Z;Garcia-Ulloa J;A Wich S
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DOI：
10.1177/0973408215600602b
发表时间：
2015-09
期刊：
Journal of Education for Sustainable Development
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影响因子：
6.7
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Shibata, Hideaki;Cattaneo, Lia R.;Galloway, James N.
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影响因子：
3.9
作者：
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Galloway, James
DOI：
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
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影响因子：
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