Mining-sector dynamics in an era of resurgent resource nationalism: Changing relations between large-scale mining and artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania
Mining-sector dynamics in an era of resurgent resource nationalism: Changing relations between large-scale mining and artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania
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资源民族主义复兴时代的采矿业动态：坦桑尼亚大规模采矿业与手工和小规模采矿业之间关系的变化
DOI：
10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.04.009
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
10.2
通讯作者：
Pedersen R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pedersen R
坦桑尼亚的矿业部门长期以来一直由两种相反规模的业务主导，即大规模采矿（LSM）和手工和小规模采矿（ASM）。从20世纪90年代中期开始，政府的更迭推动LSM成为经济结构调整的关键部门，通过产生急需的外国资本和增加财政收入。然而，可以观察到，在过去二十年中，与资源民族主义的重新出现有关的政策逐渐转向促进ASM。本文分析了三种有可能改善坦桑尼亚ASM的动态类型，即加大力度执行ASM权利，加强支持计划，以及与全球价值链相关的中型矿工（MSM）的出现，这些矿工有可能弥合ASM和LSM之间的差距并促进升级。最近的资源民族主义立法也有可能促进更多支持asm的商业模式。这表明，在选举政治的推动下，支持数百万人的ASM部门的政治影响力有所增强。然而，从ASM的角度来看，发展并不是明确的。在某种程度上，权利的登记仍然是“纸面上的正式形式”，支持计划的实施已经放缓，迄今为止，MSM一直由来自新兴市场的投资者与当地精英合作主导。经验表明，继续强调对外国LSM的权利和收入进行再分配，最终可能比ASM更有利于更大的国内商业利益和国家金库。
Tanzania's mining sector has long been dominated by two opposing scales of operations, large-scale mining (LSM), and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). From the mid-1990s, changing governments promoted LSM as a key sector for the restructuring of the economy through the generation of much needed foreign capital and increased fiscal earnings. However, a gradual shift in policies towards facilitating ASM, linked to the re-emergence of resource nationalism over the last two decades, can be observed. The paper analyses three types of dynamics that have the potential to improve the lot of ASM in Tanzania, namely increased efforts to enforce ASM rights, stronger support programmes, and the emergence of medium-scale miners (MSM) linked to global value-chains with the potential to bridge the gap between ASM and LSM and promote upgrading. Recent resource nationalist legislation also has the potential to promote more pro-ASM business models. This points to the increased political leverage of the ASM sector, which supports people in their millions, driven by electoral politics. However, from an ASM perspective the development is not unambiguous. Registration of rights to some extent remains ‘paper formalization’, the implementation of support programmes has slowed down, and MSM has so far been dominated by investors from emerging markets in partnership with local elites. Experience suggests that the continued emphasis on the redistribution of rights and revenues from foreign LSM may end up benefitting larger domestic business interests and state coffers more than ASM.
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