Fairness expectations and altruistic sharing in 15-month-old human infants.
Fairness expectations and altruistic sharing in 15-month-old human infants.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0023223
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Sommerville JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schmidt MF;Sommerville JA
人类合作是我们原始人血统进化成功的关键驱动力。在最近的层面上，生物学家和社会科学家已经确定，其他方面的偏好--例如基于平等主义动机的公平，以及利他主义--可能是促进大规模合作的候选对象。一个关键的问题涉及合作行为的这些组成部分的个体发生起源，以及它们是独立出现的，还是以相互关联的方式出现的。这个问题的答案将阐明关于这种偏好对于解释人类如何成为这样合作的存在的意义的跨学科辩论。我们调查了15个月大的婴儿对公平的敏感性，以及他们的利他行为，通过婴儿对第三方资源分配任务的反应和通过分享任务来评估。我们的研究结果从两个方面挑战了当前的公平和利他主义发展模式。首先，过去的研究表明，公平和利他主义可能要到儿童早期到中期才会出现，与之相反，15个月大的婴儿对公平很敏感，可以参与利他主义的分享。其次，婴儿作为第三方观察者对公平的敏感程度与他们是无私还是自私地分享玩具有关，这表明道德评估和亲社会行为从发育早期就高度相互关联。我们的结果提供了第一个证据，表明基本的公平感和利他主义的根源可以在婴儿时期找到，并且这些关心他人的偏好以平行和相互交织的方式发展。这些研究结果支持了人类平等主义的进化基础的论点--很可能是以辩证的方式，包括生物和文化机制--因为关于其他偏好及其在人类特有合作形式演变中的作用的性质迅速发展。未来的这类工作将有助于确定人类的社会性和道德在多大程度上独特地依赖于在生命早期出现的关于他人的偏好。
Human cooperation is a key driving force behind the evolutionary success of our hominin lineage. At the proximate level, biologists and social scientists have identified other-regarding preferences – such as fairness based on egalitarian motives, and altruism – as likely candidates for fostering large-scale cooperation. A critical question concerns the ontogenetic origins of these constituents of cooperative behavior, as well as whether they emerge independently or in an interrelated fashion. The answer to this question will shed light on the interdisciplinary debate regarding the significance of such preferences for explaining how humans become such cooperative beings. We investigated 15-month-old infants' sensitivity to fairness, and their altruistic behavior, assessed via infants' reactions to a third-party resource distribution task, and via a sharing task. Our results challenge current models of the development of fairness and altruism in two ways. First, in contrast to past work suggesting that fairness and altruism may not emerge until early to mid-childhood, 15-month-old infants are sensitive to fairness and can engage in altruistic sharing. Second, infants' degree of sensitivity to fairness as a third-party observer was related to whether they shared toys altruistically or selfishly, indicating that moral evaluations and prosocial behavior are heavily interconnected from early in development. Our results present the first evidence that the roots of a basic sense of fairness and altruism can be found in infancy, and that these other-regarding preferences develop in a parallel and interwoven fashion. These findings support arguments for an evolutionary basis – most likely in dialectical manner including both biological and cultural mechanisms – of human egalitarianism given the rapidly developing nature of other-regarding preferences and their role in the evolution of human-specific forms of cooperation. Future work of this kind will help determine to what extent uniquely human sociality and morality depend on other-regarding preferences emerging early in life.
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