Normal aging and the dissociable prototype learning systems.
Normal aging and the dissociable prototype learning systems.
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DOI：
10.1037/a0024971
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发表时间：
2012-03
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Maddox WT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Glass BD;Chotibut T;Pacheco J;Schnyer DM;Maddox WT
分离的原型学习系统已经在行为和神经成像方面得到了证明，在年轻人和患者群体中也是如此。在A/NOT-A(AN)原型学习中，受试者在训练过程中被展示为A类成员，在测试过程中被要求决定新项目是否属于A类。研究表明，学习是由知觉学习系统调节的。在A/B(AB)原型学习中，受试者在训练过程中被展示为A类和B类成员，在测试过程中被要求判断新项目是属于A类还是B类。与A/B(AB)原型学习不同的是，研究表明AB学习是由陈述性记忆系统调节的。目前的研究考察了正常老化对AN和AB原型学习的影响。我们在AB学习中观察到年龄相关的缺陷，但在学习中观察到年龄相关的优势。计算模型支持一种可能的解释，基于AB任务中老年人较窄的选择性注意焦点和AN任务中较广泛的选择性注意。对年长参与者的神经心理测试表明，执行功能和注意力控制与在这两项任务中表现更好有关。然而，非语言记忆与较好的A成绩有关，而视觉注意力与较差的AB成绩有关。研究结果支持一种交互式记忆系统的方法，并表明一个记忆系统中与年龄相关的衰退可能会导致一些任务的缺陷，但在另一些任务中会提高表现。
Dissociable prototype learning systems have been demonstrated behaviorally and with neuroimaging in younger adults as well as with patient populations. In A/not-A (AN) prototype learning, participants are shown members of category A during training, and during test are asked to decide whether novel items are in category A or are not in category A. Research suggests that AN learning is mediated by a perceptual learning system. In A/B (AB) prototype learning, participants are shown members of category A and B during training, and during test are asked to decide whether novel items are in category A or category B. In contrast to AN, research suggests that AB learning is mediated by a declarative memory system. The current study examined the effects of normal aging on AN and AB prototype learning. We observed an age-related deficit in AB learning, but an age-related advantage in AN learning. Computational modeling supports one possible interpretation based on narrower selective attentional focus in older adults in the AB task and broader selective attention in the AN task. Neuropsychological testing in older participants suggested that executive functioning and attentional control were associated with better performance in both tasks. However, nonverbal memory was associated with better AN performance, while visual attention was associated with worse AB performance. The results support an interactive memory systems approach and suggest that age-related declines in one memory system can lead to deficits in some tasks, but to enhanced performance in others.
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影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Maddox WT;Pacheco J;Reeves M;Zhu B;Schnyer DM
通讯作者：
Schnyer DM
影响因子：
8.2
作者：
Braver, TS;Barch, DA
通讯作者：
Barch, DA
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
JANOWSKY, JS;SHIMAMURA, AP;SQUIRE, LR
通讯作者：
SQUIRE, LR
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Hess, T M;Slaughter, S J
通讯作者：
Slaughter, S J
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Filoteo, JV;Maddox, WT
通讯作者：
Maddox, WT