Evolutionary history of the vertebrate Piwi gene family.
Evolutionary history of the vertebrate Piwi gene family.
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作者：
Gutierrez J;Platt R;Opazo JC;Ray DA;Hoffmann F;Vandewege M
PIWI是属于Argonaute家族的调节蛋白。Piwis主要在性腺中表达，并通过转录基因沉默保护生殖系免受转座因子（TE）的动员和繁殖。脊椎动物基因组编码多达四个Piwi基因：Piwil1，Piwil2，Piwil3和Piwil4，但它们的复制历史尚未解决。我们利用遗传学、共线性和表达分析来解决这一空白。我们的系统发育分析表明Piwil1和Piwil2保留在所有脊椎动物成员。Piwil 4是Piwil 1在有颌类祖先中复制的结果，但在鳍鱼类和鸟类中独立丢失。此外，Piwil 3衍生自有袋类和胎盘类哺乳动物共同祖先的串联Piwil 1复制，但在哺乳动物（Xenarthra和Afrotheria）和一些啮齿动物中其次丢失。Piwil3的进化速度比所有谱系中的任何Piwi都要快得多，但缺乏解释。我们的表达分析表明，Piwi的表达主要局限于整个脊椎动物进化的性腺。脊椎动物进化的标志是两轮早期的全基因组复制，许多多基因家族与这些事件有关。然而，我们的分析表明Piwi扩增独立于全基因组复制。
PIWIs are regulatory proteins that belong to the Argonaute family. Piwis are primarily expressed in gonads and protect the germline against the mobilization and propagation of transposable elements (TEs) through transcriptional gene silencing. Vertebrate genomes encode up to four Piwi genes: Piwil1, Piwil2, Piwil3 and Piwil4, but their duplication history is unresolved. We leveraged phylogenetics, synteny and expression analyses to address this void. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests Piwil1 and Piwil2 were retained in all vertebrate members. Piwil4 was the result of Piwil1 duplication in the ancestor of gnathostomes, but was independently lost in ray-finned fishes and birds. Further, Piwil3 was derived from a tandem Piwil1 duplication in the common ancestor of marsupial and placental mammals, but was secondarily lost in Atlantogenata (Xenarthra and Afrotheria) and some rodents. The evolutionary rate of Piwil3 is considerably faster than any Piwi among all lineages, but an explanation is lacking. Our expression analyses suggest Piwi expression has mostly been constrained to gonads throughout vertebrate evolution. Vertebrate evolution is marked by two early rounds of whole genome duplication and many multigene families are linked to these events. However, our analyses suggest Piwi expansion was independent of whole genome duplications.
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