Coordinating radiometals of copper, gallium, indium, yttrium, and zirconium for PET and SPECT imaging of disease.
Coordinating radiometals of copper, gallium, indium, yttrium, and zirconium for PET and SPECT imaging of disease.
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DOI：
10.1021/cr900325h
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发表时间：
2010-05-12
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Anderson, Carolyn J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wadas, Thaddeus J.;Wong, Edward H.;Weisman, Gary R.;Anderson, Carolyn J.
分子成像是在人类和其他生命系统的分子和细胞水平上对生物过程进行可视化、表征和测量。分子显像剂是用于可视化、表征和测量生命系统中生物过程的探针。这两个定义是由核医学学会（SNM）在2007年提出的，作为一种捕捉这个相对较新的领域的跨学科性质的方式。分子成像作为一门科学学科的出现是化学、生物学、物理学和工程学进步的结果，成像探针和技术的应用通过提供更具成本效益的方法来评估候选药物的功效，并允许制药公司减少将新疗法引入市场所需的时间，重塑了制药科学中药物发现的哲学。最后，分子成像对临床医学的影响是广泛的，因为它允许医生诊断病人的疾病，开出治疗方案，并监测治疗效果的无创。单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）是最早用于临床的分子成像方式。SPECT需要使用标记有γ发射放射性核素的造影剂，其理想γ能量应为100-250 keV。这些γ射线由专用γ照相机或SPECT仪器的探测器记录，经过信号处理后可以转换成识别放射性示踪剂定位的图像。PET要求注射的放射性药物用正电子放射核素进行标记。当放射性核素衰变时，它会从原子核中射出一个正电子，在与电子湮灭之前，正电子会传播很短的距离，释放出两条相距180度的511 keV γ射线，这些射线被PET扫描仪检测到（图1）。在足够的采集时间后，使用基于计算机的算法重建数据，以产生放射性示踪剂在生物体内位置的图像。与SPECT相比，PET在灵敏度和分辨率方面具有更大的优势，在临床中越来越受欢迎，预计到2010年基于PET的研究数量将达到320万。通讯作者：Carolyn J. Anderson，电话314.362。8427，传真314.362。9940，电邮andersoncj@wustl。edu;Thaddeus J. Wadas，电话314.362。8441，传真314.362。电子邮件：wadast@wustl。edu。华盛顿大学医学院。新罕布什尔大学§联系方式：Edward H. Wong，电话603-862-1788，传真603-862-4278，电子邮件ehw@cisunix。中。edu;Gary R. Weisman，电话603-862-2304，传真603-862-4278，电子邮件Gary。weisman@中。edu。
Molecular imaging is the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems. Molecular imaging agents are probes used to visualize, characterize, and measure biological processes in living systems. These two definitions were put forth by the Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM) in 2007 as a way to capture the interdisciplinary nature of this relatively new field. The emergence of molecular imaging as a scientific discipline is a result of advances in chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering, and the application of imaging probes and technologies has reshaped the philosophy of drug discovery in the pharmaceutical sciences by providing more costeffective ways to evaluate the efficacy of a drug candidate and allow pharmaceutical companies to reduce the time it takes to introduce new therapeutics to the marketplace. Finally, the impact of molecular imaging on clinical medicine has been extensive since it allows a physician to diagnose a patient’s illness, prescribe treatment, and monitor the efficacy of that treatment noninvasively. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) were the first molecular imaging modalities used clinically. SPECT requires the use of a contrast agent labeled with a γ-emitting radionuclide, which should have an ideal γ energy of 100-250 keV. These γ rays are recorded by the detectors of a dedicated γ camera or SPECT instrument and after signal processing can be converted into an image identifying the localization of the radiotracer. PET requires the injected radiopharmaceutical to be labeled with a positron-emitting radionuclide. As the radionuclide decays, it ejects a positron from its nucleus, which travels a short distance before being annihilated with an electron to release two 511 keV γ rays 180 apart that are detected by the PET scanner (Figure 1). After sufficient acquisition time, the data are reconstructed using computer-based algorithms to yield images of the radiotracer’s location within the organism. Compared with SPECT, PET has greater advantages with respect to sensitivity and resolution and has been gaining in clinical popularity, with the number of PET-based studies expected to reach 3.2 million by 2010. 1 While SPECT and PET technologies have* Corresponding authors: Carolyn J. Anderson, phone 314.362. 8427, fax 314.362. 9940, e-mail andersoncj@ wustl. edu; Thaddeus J. Wadas, phone 314.362. 8441, fax 314.362. 9940, e-mail wadast@ wustl. edu.† Washington University School of Medicine.‡ University of New Hampshire. § Contact information: Edward H. Wong, phone 603-862-1788, fax 603-862-4278, e-mail ehw@ cisunix. unh. edu; Gary R. Weisman, phone 603-862-2304, fax 603-862-4278, e-mail gary. weisman@ unh. edu.
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