A simple mechanism for complex social behavior.
A simple mechanism for complex social behavior.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1001039
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发表时间：
2011-03
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Thompson CR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parkinson K;Buttery NJ;Wolf JB;Thompson CR
合作的进化是一个悖论，因为自然选择应该倾向于剥削性的个体，他们避免支付任何公平的成本份额。这种合作个体自身利益之间的冲突往往导致复杂的、针对对手的、社会策略和反策略的演变。然而，复杂社会策略的遗传和生物学机制，以及合作行为的进化，在很大程度上是未知的。为了解决这一缺乏经验数据的问题，我们结合了数学模型、分子遗传学和发育方法来测试对社会信号的产生和反应的变化是否足以产生复杂的伴侣特定的社会成功，这在社会性阿米巴Dictyostelium disideum中看到。首先，我们发现社会信号的产生和响应的简单模型可以在不需要伴侣识别的情况下，产生在这个系统中看到的那种明显的复杂的社会行为变化。其次，对单个基因突变导致社会行为转变的突变体的信号产生和反应的测量为该模型提供了支持。最后，这些社会信号的简单测量也可以解释从野外收集的分离物中发现的自然遗传多样性产生的社会行为变化的复杂模式。因此，我们的研究为盘面田鼠复杂社会策略的自然变异提供了一种新颖而简单的潜在机制基础。更一般地说，他们认为，管理个体之间互动的简单规则足以产生各种各样的结果，当这些规则未知时，这些结果看起来复杂而不可预测。尽管自然界中出现了合作，但选择往往倾向于剥削性个体，这些个体在保持从他人的合作行为中积累的利益的同时，较少进行任何合作行为。这种合作个体之间的利益冲突可能导致复杂的社会策略的进化，这取决于与你互动的个体的身份（例如基因型或策略）。群居变形虫盘齿龙（Dictyostelium disideum）为研究这种“特定伴侣”的冲突与合作提供了一个令人信服的模型。饥饿时，自由生活的变形虫聚集在一起，形成一个由死亡的茎细胞和耐寒孢子组成的子实体。不同的基因型将聚集在一起产生嵌合子实体，从而导致潜在的社会冲突，即谁将为生殖孢子做出贡献，谁将“牺牲”自己来产生死茎。嵌合体中竞争互动的结果似乎很复杂，社会成功与伴侣有很强的相关性。在此，我们提出了一个简单的机制来解释盘状草的社会策略，基于茎诱导因子的产生和响应，决定细胞是成为茎还是孢子的社会信号。事实上，对信号产生和反应的测量可以预测不同菌株的社会行为，从而为复杂兼性社会策略的自然变化提供了一种新颖而简单的潜在机制基础。这表明，简单的社会规则足以产生各种各样的行为结果，当这些规则是未知的时候，这些结果显得复杂而不可预测。
The evolution of cooperation is a paradox because natural selection should favor exploitative individuals that avoid paying their fair share of any costs. Such conflict between the self-interests of cooperating individuals often results in the evolution of complex, opponent-specific, social strategies and counterstrategies. However, the genetic and biological mechanisms underlying complex social strategies, and therefore the evolution of cooperative behavior, are largely unknown. To address this dearth of empirical data, we combine mathematical modeling, molecular genetic, and developmental approaches to test whether variation in the production of and response to social signals is sufficient to generate the complex partner-specific social success seen in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Firstly, we find that the simple model of production of and response to social signals can generate the sort of apparent complex changes in social behavior seen in this system, without the need for partner recognition. Secondly, measurements of signal production and response in a mutant with a change in a single gene that leads to a shift in social behavior provide support for this model. Finally, these simple measurements of social signaling can also explain complex patterns of variation in social behavior generated by the natural genetic diversity found in isolates collected from the wild. Our studies therefore demonstrate a novel and elegantly simple underlying mechanistic basis for natural variation in complex social strategies in D. discoideum. More generally, they suggest that simple rules governing interactions between individuals can be sufficient to generate a diverse array of outcomes that appear complex and unpredictable when those rules are unknown. Despite the appearance of cooperation in nature, selection should often favor exploitative individuals who perform less of any cooperative behaviors while maintaining the benefits accrued from the cooperative behavior of others. This conflict of interest among cooperating individuals can lead to the evolution of complex social strategies that depend on the identity (e.g. genotype or strategy) of the individuals with whom you interact. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum provides a compelling model for studying such “partner specific” conflict and cooperation. Upon starvation, free-living amoebae aggregate and form a fruiting body composed of dead stalk cells and hardy spores. Different genotypes will aggregate to produce chimeric fruiting bodies, resulting in potential social conflict over who will contribute to the reproductive sporehead and who will “sacrifice” themselves to produce the dead stalk. The outcomes of competitive interactions in chimera appear complex, with social success being strongly partner specific. Here we propose a simple mechanism to explain social strategies in D. discoideum, based on the production of and response to stalk-inducing factors, the social signals that determine whether cells become stalk or spore. Indeed, measurements of signal production and response can predict social behavior of different strains, thus demonstrating a novel and elegantly simple underlying mechanistic basis for natural variation in complex facultative social strategies. This suggests that simple social rules can be sufficient to generate a diverse array of behavioral outcomes that appear complex and unpredictable when those rules are unknown.
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影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Foster, Kevin R.;Parkinson, Katie;Thompson, Christopher R. L.
通讯作者：
Thompson, Christopher R. L.
影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Buttery, Neil J.;Rozen, Daniel E.;Thompson, Christopher R. L.
通讯作者：
Thompson, Christopher R. L.
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Van Dyken, J. David;Wade, Michael J.
通讯作者：
Wade, Michael J.
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Serafimidis, I;Kay, RR
通讯作者：
Kay, RR
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Buttery, N. J.;Thompson, C. R. L.;Wolf, J. B.
通讯作者：
Wolf, J. B.