Modeling of VOCs and criteria pollutants from multiple natural gas well pads in close proximity, for different terrain conditions: A Barnett Shale case study
Modeling of VOCs and criteria pollutants from multiple natural gas well pads in close proximity, for different terrain conditions: A Barnett Shale case study
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针对不同地形条件，对邻近多个天然气井场的 VOC 和标准污染物进行建模：Barnett 页岩案例研究
DOI：
10.1016/j.apr.2019.02.007
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Sattler, Melanie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Khalaj, Farzaneh;Sattler, Melanie
尽管与测量研究相比在空间/时间覆盖方面具有潜在优势，但很少对与天然气相关的非甲烷空气污染物进行建模研究。本研究的目的是对天然气生产中的挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 和标准污染物进行建模，考虑不同地形条件下的多个井场，并以德克萨斯州巴尼特页岩为案例研究。使用 AERMOD 对来自压缩机发动机的主要标准污染物（一氧化碳，CO；氮氧化物，NOx；颗粒物，PM10；二氧化硫，SO2）进行建模，以及苯作为对健康可能产生最严重影响的 VOC，来自凝析油罐、逸散性污染物源和压缩机发动机。针对水平、中等和强倾斜地形进行了建模，井场密度为 1.4-1.9 井场/平方公里，举例说明了 Barnett 页岩中常见的最大密度。在大多数情况下，井场彼此之间的距离足够远，以至于各个井场的最大值不会受到其他井场的影响。当在不同地形类型下模拟相同的井场布置和排放率时，强倾斜地形给出了最高的最大浓度。对于建模的井场布置和排放情景，CO、NOx、PM10和SO2最大浓度低于1小时国家环境空气质量标准（NAAQS）。然而，苯浓度超过了水平和强倾斜地形的 1 小时效应筛选水平 (ESL)，以及所有地形类型的年度 ESL。模拟的最大苯排放量可能代表了巴尼特页岩合理的最坏情况，但低估了天然气较湿润地区的排放量。
Despite potential advantages in spatial/temporal coverage compared to measurement studies, few modeling studies have been conducted of non-methane air pollutants associated with natural gas. The objective of this study was to model volatile organic compound (VOC) and criteria pollutants from natural gas production, considering multiple well pads under different terrain conditions, using the Texas Barnett Shale as a case study.Primary criteria pollutants from compressor engines (carbon monoxide, CO; nitrogen oxides, NOx; particulate matter, PM10; sulfur dioxide, SO2) were modeled using AERMOD, along with benzene as a VOC with potential worst health impacts, from condensate tanks, fugitive sources, and compressor engines. Modeling was conducted for level, moderate, and strong sloping terrain, with well pad densities of 1.4–1.9 well pads/km2, exemplifying common maximum densities in the Barnett Shale.In most cases, well pads were far enough away from each other that maxima at individual well pads were not influenced by other pads. When the same well pad arrangement and emission rates were modeled in different terrain types, strong sloping terrain gave the highest maximum concentrations.For the well pad arrangements and emission scenarios modeled, CO, NOx, PM10, and SO2maximum concentrations were less than the 1-h National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Benzene concentrations, however, exceeded the 1-h effect screening level (ESL) for level and strong sloped terrain, and the annual ESL for all terrain types. The maximum benzene emissions modeled likely represent a reasonable worst-case for the Barnett Shale but underestimate emissions for areas with wetter gas.
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