Hand in glove: brain and skull in development and dysmorphogenesis.
Hand in glove: brain and skull in development and dysmorphogenesis.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00401-013-1104-y
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发表时间：
2013-04
影响因子：
12.7
通讯作者：
Flaherty K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Richtsmeier JT;Flaherty K
大脑在发育中相对较早地起源于分化的外胚层，外胚层形成一个空心管，并随着发育呈现出极其复杂的形状。颅骨由神经嵴和中胚层间质形成的单个骨元素组成，这些骨元素联合起来为软组织和头部空间提供支持和保护。脑膜在大脑和头骨之间提供了一层保护性和渗透性的膜。在整个进化和发育过程中，大脑和头骨形状的动态变化彼此跟踪，因此它们的整合在两种结构中得到证明，这些结构完全适合，而不管生物力学和生理功能的变化。这种紧密对应关系的证据也见于颅面复合体疾病，这些疾病通常被归类为颅骨疾病（如颅缝闭闭）或脑部疾病（如前脑无裂畸形），即使两个组织都受到影响。我们的综述提出了一种通过信号通路（如FGF、TGFβ、Wnt）的协调整合将大脑和颅骨形态发生联系起来的模型，这些信号通路目前尚不清楚，可能涉及脑膜。生物结构早期信号的差异建立了不同的设计，将在形态发生过程中得到加强。指示大脑发育的信号系统在指示颅骨生长和组装所需的信号系统中也很活跃，这些信号家族的一些成员已被指出是颅面疾病的原因。由于早期大脑和颅骨细胞对类似的信号家族敏感，影响一个系统（神经或颅骨）的信号强度或时间的变化或模式边界的变化也可能影响另一个系统，并在发育过程中进行适当的共同调整。在发育和疾病的研究中，这些信号系统和它们所塑造的组织之间的相互作用是大脑和头骨在进化过程中保持一致但不稳定的功能和结构联系的基础。
The brain originates relatively early in development from differentiated ectoderm that forms a hollow tube and takes on an exceedingly complex shape with development. The skull is made up of individual bony elements that form from neural crest- and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme that unite to provide support and protection for soft tissues and spaces of the head. The meninges provide a protective and permeable membrane between brain and skull. Across evolutionary and developmental time, dynamic changes in brain and skull shape track one another so that their integration is evidenced in two structures that fit soundly regardless of changes in biomechanical and physiologic functions. Evidence for this tight correspondence is also seen in diseases of the craniofacial complex that are often classified as diseases of the skull (e.g., craniosynostosis) or diseases of the brain (e.g., holoprosencephaly) even when both tissues are affected. Our review suggests a model that links brain and skull morphogenesis through coordinated integration of signaling pathways (e.g., FGF, TGFβ, Wnt) via processes that are not currently understood, perhaps involving the meninges. Differences in the earliest signaling of biological structure establish divergent designs that will be enhanced during morphogenesis. Signaling systems that pattern the developing brain are also active in patterning required for growth and assembly of the skull and some members of these signaling families have been indicated as causal for craniofacial diseases. Because cells of early brain and skull are sensitive to similar signaling families, variation in the strength or timing of signals or shifts in patterning boundaries that affect one system (neural or skull) could also affect the other system and appropriate co-adjustments in development would be made. Interactions of these signaling systems and of the tissues that they pattern are fundamental to the consistent but labile functional and structural association of brain and skull conserved over evolutionary time obvious in the study of development and disease.
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影响因子：
4
作者：
Buchanan, Anne V.;Sholtis, Samuel;Weiss, Kenneth M.
通讯作者：
Weiss, Kenneth M.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Aldridge, Kristina;Hill, Cheryl A.;Austin, Jordan R.;Percival, Christopher;Martinez-Abadias, Neus;Neuberger, Thomas;Wang, Yingli;Jabs, Ethylin Wang;Richtsmeier, Joan T.
通讯作者：
Richtsmeier, Joan T.
影响因子：
64.8
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9.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
Boore JL
影响因子：
4
作者：
AARDEN, EM;BURGER, EH;NIJWEIDE, PJ
通讯作者：
NIJWEIDE, PJ