Predators' decisions to eat defended prey depend on the size of undefended prey.
Predators' decisions to eat defended prey depend on the size of undefended prey.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.021
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发表时间：
2013-06
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Rowe C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Halpin CG;Skelhorn J;Rowe C
已经学会将警告颜色与毒性联系起来的捕食者通常会继续将具有警戒性的猎物纳入其饮食中，以获得其中所含的营养和能量。由于体型大小被广泛报道与能量含量相关，我们预测猎物的大小会影响捕食者吃掉警戒性猎物的决定。我们使用了一个成熟的系统，由野生捕获的欧洲椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）以黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor）为食，来测试不同颜色背景下的无防御（注水）和防御（注射奎宁）猎物的大小如何影响鸟类吃防御猎物的决定。我们发现，当未防御的猎物较大时，与它们较小时相比，鸟类吃的防御猎物更少，奎宁也更少，但防御猎物的大小对吃掉的数量没有影响。因此，我们没有发现任何证据表明防御猎物的质量或摄入的猎物总质量会影响捕食者愿意摄入的毒素量，相反，吃掉的未防御猎物的质量更为重要。这是一个令人惊讶的发现，挑战了依赖于状态的警戒和模仿模型的假设，并强调需要更好地理解捕食者决策机制。此外，鸟类并没有学会根据大小来视觉区分有防御和无防御的猎物，而只是根据颜色来区分。这表明颜色信号对捕食者来说可能比体型差异更显着，这使得贝茨拟态动物即使在体型不同的情况下也能从警戒模型中受益。有毒猎物的大小并不影响鸟类摄入毒素的量。吃掉的猎物总量并不影响鸟类摄入的毒素量。鸟类摄入的毒素量取决于无毒猎物的质量。对于捕食者来说，颜色信号可能比体型差异更显着。研究结果对作用于警戒猎物的选择压力具有影响。
Predators that have learned to associate warning coloration with toxicity often continue to include aposematic prey in their diet in order to gain the nutrients and energy that they contain. As body size is widely reported to correlate with energetic content, we predicted that prey size would affect predators' decisions to eat aposematic prey. We used a well-established system of wild-caught European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, foraging on mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, to test how the size of undefended (water-injected) and defended (quinine-injected) prey, on different coloured backgrounds, affected birds’ decisions to eat defended prey. We found that birds ate fewer defended prey, and less quinine, when undefended prey were large compared with when they were small, but that the size of the defended prey had no effect on the numbers eaten. Consequently, we found no evidence that the mass of the defended prey or the overall mass of prey ingested affected the amount of toxin that a predator was willing to ingest, and instead the mass of undefended prey eaten was more important. This is a surprising finding, challenging the assumptions of state-dependent models of aposematism and mimicry, and highlighting the need to understand better the mechanisms of predator decision making. In addition, the birds did not learn to discriminate visually between defended and undefended prey based on size, but only on the basis of colour. This suggests that colour signals may be more salient to predators than size differences, allowing Batesian mimics to benefit from aposematic models even when they differ in size. The size of toxic prey did not affect the amount of toxin ingested by birds. Total prey mass eaten did not affect the amount of toxin ingested by birds. The amount of toxin ingested by birds depended on the mass of nontoxic prey. Colour signals may be more salient to predators than size differences. Findings have implications for the selection pressures acting on aposematic prey.
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影响因子：
3.3
作者：
BROWER, LP;CALVERT, WH
通讯作者：
CALVERT, WH
DOI：
10.1007/bf00605015
发表时间：
1987-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
DUDAI, Y;BUXBAUM, J;OFARIM, M
通讯作者：
OFARIM, M
影响因子：
2
作者：
Ide, Jun-Ya
通讯作者：
Ide, Jun-Ya
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Alatalo, RV;Mappes, J
通讯作者：
Mappes, J
影响因子：
1
作者：
HILEMAN, KS;BRODIE, ED;FORMANOWICZ, DR
通讯作者：
FORMANOWICZ, DR