Unique evolution of foraminiferal calcification to survive global changes.
Unique evolution of foraminiferal calcification to survive global changes.
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DOI：
10.1126/sciadv.add3584
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发表时间：
2023-06-23
期刊：
影响因子：
13.6
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中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
有孔虫是已知最古老的产碳酸钙真核生物，是全球地球化学循环的重要参与者，也是地球科学中常用的环境指标。然而，很少有人知道他们的钙化机制。这阻碍了理解生物对海洋酸化的反应，海洋酸化改变了海洋碳酸钙的生产，可能导致生物地球化学循环的变化。我们进行了比较单细胞转录组学和荧光显微镜，并确定了钙离子（Ca 2+）的运输/分泌基因和α-碳酸酐酶，控制钙化的有孔虫。在钙化过程中，它们主动摄取Ca 2+以促进线粒体三磷酸腺苷的合成，但需要将过量的细胞内Ca 2+泵送到钙化部位以防止细胞死亡。独特的α-碳酸酐酶基因诱导从多种CO2来源产生碳酸氢根和质子。自前寒武纪以来，这些控制机制已经独立进化，尽管海水中的Ca 2+浓度和pH值降低，但仍能够发展大细胞和钙化。目前的研究结果提供了以前未知的钙化机制及其在持久的海洋酸化的后续功能的见解。多样化的Ca 2+相关基因使Rotaliida有孔虫能够开发出一种独特的策略来生存海洋酸化。
Foraminifera, the most ancient known calcium carbonate–producing eukaryotes, are crucial players in global biogeochemical cycles and well-used environmental indicators in biogeosciences. However, little is known about their calcification mechanisms. This impedes understanding the organismal responses to ocean acidification, which alters marine calcium carbonate production, potentially leading to biogeochemical cycle changes. We conducted comparative single-cell transcriptomics and fluorescent microscopy and identified calcium ion (Ca2+) transport/secretion genes and α-carbonic anhydrases that control calcification in a foraminifer. They actively take up Ca2+ to boost mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis during calcification but need to pump excess intracellular Ca2+ to the calcification site to prevent cell death. Unique α-carbonic anhydrase genes induce the generation of bicarbonate and proton from multiple CO2 sources. These control mechanisms have evolved independently since the Precambrian to enable the development of large cells and calcification despite decreasing Ca2+ concentrations and pH in seawater. The present findings provide previously unknown insights into the calcification mechanisms and their subsequent function in enduring ocean acidification. Diversified Ca2+-related genes enable Rotaliida foraminifers to develop a unique strategy for surviving ocean acidification.
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