Mechanisms and molecules in motor neuron specification and axon pathfinding
Mechanisms and molecules in motor neuron specification and axon pathfinding
复制标题
运动神经元规范和轴突寻路的机制和分子
作者：
John Jacob;A. Hacker;S. Guthrie
脊椎动物的神经系统执行任何器官系统中最复杂的功能。这一壮举是由专门的神经元组件介导的，这些神经元必须在胚胎发育期间精确地彼此连接并与外周组织连接。运动神经元支配肌肉并调节自主神经功能，形成该神经回路的组成部分。本文的第一部分介绍了我们对运动神经元分化的理解取得的显著进展，这可以说是迄今为止最好理解的神经元分化模型。在发育过程中，来自相邻非神经组织的感应信号的协调作用启动了不同运动神经元亚类的分化，具有特定的投射模式，位于神经管内的刻板位置。这种特化的基础是特定同源结构域蛋白的表达，其组合作用使运动神经元具有其通用和亚型特异性。然而，确保特定的运动神经元亚型支配正确的靶结构，需要精确的运动轴突指导机制。这篇评论的后半部分主要关注不同的运动神经元亚型如何通过对空间离散的吸引和排斥分子线索的不同反应来追求高度特异性的投射模式。运动神经元特化和轴突寻路之间的紧密联系似乎是由同源结构域蛋白的主导作用建立的，同源结构域蛋白在支配运动轴突导航解释冲击生长锥的过多指导线索的方式中起主导作用。BioEssays 23：582-595，2001. John Wiley & Sons，Inc.
The vertebrate nervous system performs the most complex functions of any organ system. This feat is mediated by dedicated assemblies of neurons that must be precisely connected to one another and to peripheral tissues during embryonic development. Motor neurons, which innervate muscle and regulate autonomic functions, form an integral part of this neural circuitry. The first part of this review describes the remarkable progress in our understanding of motor neuron differentiation, which is arguably the best understood model of neuronal differentiation to date. During development, the coordinate actions of inductive signals from adjacent non‐neural tissues initiate the differentiation of distinct motor neuron subclasses, with specific projection patterns, at stereotypical locations within the neural tube. Underlying this specialisation is the expression of specific homeodomain proteins, which act combinatorially to confer motor neurons with both their generic and subtype‐specific properties. Ensuring that specific motor neuron subtypes innervate the correct target structure, however, requires precise motor axon guidance mechanisms. The second half of this review focuses on how distinct motor neuron subtypes pursue highly specific projection patterns by responding differentially to spatially discrete attractive and repulsive molecular cues. The tight link between motor neuron specification and axon pathfinding appears to be established by the dominant role of homeodomain proteins in dictating the ways that navigating motor axons interpret the plethora of guidance cues impinging on growth cones. BioEssays 23:582–595, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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