Markers and mechanisms of death in Drosophila.
Markers and mechanisms of death in Drosophila.
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DOI：
10.3389/fragi.2023.1292040
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Tower, John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tower, John
与果蝇年龄和死亡率相关的参数包括负趋地性和趋中性行为减少，爬行和行走速度下降，卵母细胞和眼睛色素变暗。停止产卵预示着大约5天内死亡。死亡前数小时，眼睛和身体内的内源性绿色荧光增加。许多苍蝇在死亡前几个小时表现出不稳定的运动，经常导致福尔斯。通过喂食蓝色染料（“Smurf”表型）测定肠屏障完整性（IBI）的丧失，并且Smurf蝇通常在0-48小时内死亡。一些研究报告说，大多数苍蝇表现出蓝精灵，而多个小组报告说，大多数苍蝇死亡没有表现出蓝精灵。含有热休克基因启动子和先天免疫应答基因启动子的转基因报告基因表达随年龄增长而逐渐增加，并部分预测剩余寿命。先天免疫报告基因在每只苍蝇中随着年龄的增长而增加，在任何Smurf表型之前，在存在或不存在抗生素的情况下。许多苍蝇是侧着或仰卧着死去的。这些数据表明果蝇死亡的三种机制。一个是IBI的丢失，如Smurf测定所揭示的。第二种是神经系统故障，导致行为不稳定，运动功能障碍和福尔斯。年老的苍蝇在跌倒到侧卧或仰卧位置后通常无法正确站立，导致无法获得食物和随后的脱水/饥饿。最后，一些苍蝇在没有蓝精灵表型的情况下直立死亡，这表明可能存在第三种机制。这些机制的频率因菌株和培养条件而异，这可能会影响寿命干预的有效性。
Parameters correlated with age and mortality in Drosophila melanogaster include decreased negative geotaxis and centrophobism behaviors, decreased climbing and walking speed, and darkened pigments in oenocytes and eye. Cessation of egg laying predicts death within approximately 5 days. Endogenous green fluorescence in eye and body increases hours prior to death. Many flies exhibit erratic movement hours before death, often leading to falls. Loss of intestinal barrier integrity (IBI) is assayed by feeding blue dye (“Smurf” phenotype), and Smurf flies typically die within 0–48 h. Some studies report most flies exhibit Smurf, whereas multiple groups report most flies die without exhibiting Smurf. Transgenic reporters containing heat shock gene promoters and innate immune response gene promoters progressively increase expression with age, and partly predict remaining life span. Innate immune reporters increase with age in every fly, prior to any Smurf phenotype, in presence or absence of antibiotics. Many flies die on their side or supine (on their back) position. The data suggest three mechanisms for death of Drosophila. One is loss of IBI, as revealed by Smurf assay. The second is nervous system malfunction, leading to erratic behavior, locomotor malfunction, and falls. The aged fly is often unable to right itself after a fall to a side-ways or supine position, leading to inability to access the food and subsequent dehydration/starvation. Finally, some flies die upright without Smurf phenotype, suggesting a possible third mechanism. The frequency of these mechanisms varies between strains and culture conditions, which may affect efficacy of life span interventions.
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