Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels?
Rapid uptake and slow depuration: Health risks following cyanotoxin accumulation in mussels?
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快速吸收和缓慢的驱逐：贻贝积累后的健康风险？
DOI：
10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116400
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发表时间：
2021-02-15
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Edwards C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Camacho-Muñoz D;Waack J;Turner AD;Lewis AM;Lawton LA;Edwards C
淡水蓝藻产生剧毒次级代谢产物，可通过河流和水道向下游输送入海。暴露于有毒蓝藻的河口和沿海水产养殖场引起了人们的担忧，即贝类可能在食物网中积累和转移蓝藻毒素。研究了铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和生泡节球藻（Nodularia spumigena）混合培养下，紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis）对多种微囊藻毒素（MC-LR、MC-LF、MC-LW、MC-LY、[Asp 3]-MC-LR/[Dha 7]-MC-LR、MC-HilR）和节球藻毒素（NOD环状和线性）的竞争吸收和净化模式。在实验系统中观察到不同的分布轮廓的MC/NODs。大多数MC/NOD存在于细胞内，这是健康蓝藻培养物的代表，其中MC-LR和NOD是最丰富的类似物。NOD的去除率（约96%）高于水相中的MCs（约50%）。贝类体内毒素积累较快，在3 d暴露期结束后4 d，毒素积累量达到3.4 μg/g贝类组织，其中NOD（1.72 μg/g）和MC-LR（0.74 μg/g）为优势毒素，其次为MC-LF（0.35 μg/g）和MC-LW（0.31 μg/g）。暴露期结束后，27天后净化不完全（0.49 μg/g MC/NOD）。MCs/NOD也存在于粪便材料和外苍白球液24小时后，与MCs的主要贡献者的总氰毒素负荷的粪便材料和NOD的外苍白球液的曝光。在贻贝的典型部分（20只贻贝，每只约14 g）中积累的MCs/NOD的最大浓度超过了急性、季节性和终生可耐受的每日摄入量。即使经过27天的净化，食用在贝类养殖场附近短期有害藻类大量繁殖期间收获的贻贝也可能带来很高的健康风险，这凸显了检测的必要性。暴露24 h后，在延髓组织、粪便和外囊液中均存在MCs/NODs。27天后MC/NOD的纯化不完全。MCs/NODs在实验系统中的分布不同。食用在短期赤潮后收获的美味贻贝会对人类和动物的健康构成风险。淡水蓝藻毒素在海洋贻贝中的积累速度很快，但净化速度很慢，这可能会对野生动物和人类造成高健康风险，因此需要进行检测。
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce highly toxic secondary metabolites, which can be transported downstream by rivers and waterways into the sea. Estuarine and coastal aquaculture sites exposed to toxic cyanobacteria raise concerns that shellfish may accumulate and transfer cyanotoxins in the food web. This study aims to describe the competitive pattern of uptake and depuration of a wide range of microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LF, MC-LW, MC-LY, [Asp3]-MC-LR/[Dha7]-MC-LR, MC-HilR) and nodularins (NOD cyclic and linear) within the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to a combined culture of Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena into the coastal environment. Different distribution profiles of MCs/NODs in the experimental system were observed. The majority of MCs/NODs were present intracellularly which is representative of healthy cyanobacterial cultures, with MC-LR and NOD the most abundant analogues. Higher removal rate was observed for NOD (≈96%) compared to MCs (≈50%) from the water phase. Accumulation of toxins in M. edulis was fast, reaching up to 3.4 μg/g shellfish tissue four days after the end of the 3-days exposure period, with NOD (1.72 μg/g) and MC-LR (0.74 μg/g) as the dominant toxins, followed by MC-LF (0.35 μg/g) and MC-LW (0.31 μg/g). Following the end of the exposure period depuration was incomplete after 27 days (0.49 μg/g of MCs/NODs). MCs/NODs were also present in faecal material and extrapallial fluid after 24 h of exposure with MCs the main contributors to the total cyanotoxin load in faecal material and NOD in the extrapallial fluid. Maximum concentration of MCs/NODs accumulated in a typical portion of mussels (20 mussels, ≈4 g each) was beyond greater the acute, seasonal and lifetime tolerable daily intake. Even after 27 days of depuration, consuming mussels harvested during even short term harmful algae blooms in close proximity to shellfish beds might carry a high health risk, highlighting the need for testing. MCs/NODs were present in M. edulis tissue, faecal material and extrapallial fluid after 24 h of exposure. Depuration of MCs/NODs was incomplete after 27 days. MCs/NODs distributed differently in the experimental system. Consumption of M. edulis harvested after a short term HAB can pose a human and animal health risk. Accumulation of freshwater cyanotoxins in marine mussels is fast but depuration is slow what could result in high health risk for wildlife and humans, highlighting the need for testing.
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