The effective population size of malaria mosquitoes: large impact of vector control.
The effective population size of malaria mosquitoes: large impact of vector control.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1003097
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Slotman MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Athrey G;Hodges TK;Reddy MR;Overgaard HJ;Matias A;Ridl FC;Kleinschmidt I;Caccone A;Slotman MA
事实证明，撒哈拉以南非洲的疟疾病媒在全球抗击疟疾的斗争中是非常难对付的对手。几十年的抗病媒干预措施产生了好坏参半的结果--在一些地区成功地减少了传播，而在其他地区影响有限。这些不同的成功可以归因于缺乏普遍有效的媒介控制工具，以及蚊子种群对杀虫剂的抗药性的发展。了解媒介控制对蚊子种群的影响对于规划新的干预措施和评估现有干预措施至关重要。然而，由于收集方法的限制和偏差，对应对控制努力的种群数量变化的估计往往不准确。到目前为止，对媒介控制对蚊子有效种群数量(Ne)的影响进行了评估，但结果并不确定。因此，我们获得了1,500多只蚊子的13-15个微卫星标记的数据，这些标记代表了三个重要媒介物种冈比亚按蚊、按蚊和冈比亚按蚊的七个种群的多个时间点。Melas和An.穆切蒂--在赤道几内亚。近年来，这些人群暴露在室内滞留喷洒或长效杀虫蚊帐中。为了进行比较，我们还分析了来自两个没有有组织媒介控制历史的种群的数据。我们使用近似贝叶斯计算来重建他们的人口历史，使我们能够评估这些干预措施对有效人口规模的影响。在七个研究种群中，有六个种群的媒介控制对有效种群大小产生了巨大影响，使Ne减少了55%-87%，唯一的例外是单个AN。梅拉斯种群。相比之下，两个阴性对照种群的有效种群数量并没有减少。这项研究首次确凿地将非洲的反媒介干预计划与大幅减少疟疾媒介的有效种群规模联系起来。撒哈拉以南非洲地区防治疟疾蚊子的战斗主要使用两种武器：室内残留喷洒杀虫剂(IRS)和长效杀虫蚊帐(LLIN)。尽管许多项目在减少疟疾感染方面取得了成功，但这些项目对媒介人口的影响通常会被与收集方法相关的许多变量所混淆。在这里，我们分析了三种重要疟疾媒介-冈比亚按蚊、冈比亚按蚊和印度按蚊的1500多个样本。Melas和An.Moucheti-来自赤道几内亚的七个地点，这些地点是在赤道几内亚开展反病媒方案期间(2004-2010年)收集的。利用最近发展的融合遗传方法，我们推导了人口历史，估计了有效种群大小，并确定了种群大小变化的时间。我们首次令人信服地证明，在大多数情况下，基于IRS和LLIN的控制都导致了有效人口规模的降低。在阴性对照人群中没有观察到这样的减少。我们的发现对疟疾控制特别重要，因为使用传统诱捕方法估计人口数量往往受到我们获取代表性样本的能力的限制。更重要的是，我们能够最终将反媒介干预与遗传影响联系起来，这一联系在过去很难建立。
Malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa have proven themselves very difficult adversaries in the global struggle against malaria. Decades of anti-vector interventions have yielded mixed results—with successful reductions in transmission in some areas and limited impacts in others. These varying successes can be ascribed to a lack of universally effective vector control tools, as well as the development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. Understanding the impact of vector control on mosquito populations is crucial for planning new interventions and evaluating existing ones. However, estimates of population size changes in response to control efforts are often inaccurate because of limitations and biases in collection methods. Attempts to evaluate the impact of vector control on mosquito effective population size (Ne) have produced inconclusive results thus far. Therefore, we obtained data for 13–15 microsatellite markers for more than 1,500 mosquitoes representing multiple time points for seven populations of three important vector species—Anopheles gambiae, An. melas, and An. moucheti—in Equatorial Guinea. These populations were exposed to indoor residual spraying or long-lasting insecticidal nets in recent years. For comparison, we also analyzed data from two populations that have no history of organized vector control. We used Approximate Bayesian Computation to reconstruct their demographic history, allowing us to evaluate the impact of these interventions on the effective population size. In six of the seven study populations, vector control had a dramatic impact on the effective population size, reducing Ne between 55%–87%, the exception being a single An. melas population. In contrast, the two negative control populations did not experience a reduction in effective population size. This study is the first to conclusively link anti-vector intervention programs in Africa to sharply reduced effective population sizes of malaria vectors. The battle against malaria mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa is being fought with two main weapons: indoor residual spraying of insecticides (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) campaigns. Although many programs have been successful in reducing malaria infection, demonstrating the impact of these programs on vector populations is typically confounded by numerous variables associated with collection methods. Here, we analyzed more than 1,500 samples of three important malaria vectors—Anopheles gambiae, An. melas, and An. moucheti—from seven sites in Equatorial Guinea that were collected over the course of anti-vector programs in that country (2004–2010). Taking advantage of recently developed coalescent genetic approaches, we derived the demographic history, estimated the effective population size, and determined the timings of population size changes. We demonstrate convincingly for the first time that both IRS– and LLIN–based control resulted in lowered effective population sizes in most cases. No such reductions were observed in negative control populations. Our findings are especially important to malaria control because estimating population sizes using conventional trapping approaches is often limited by our ability to obtain representative samples. More importantly, we were able to conclusively link anti-vector interventions to genetic impacts, a linkage that has been difficult to establish in the past.
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影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Cornuet, Jean-Marie;Santos, Filipe;Beaumont, Mark A.;Robert, Christian P.;Marin, Jean-Michel;Balding, David J.;Guillemaud, Thomas;Estoup, Arnaud
通讯作者：
Estoup, Arnaud
影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Deitz KC;Athrey G;Reddy MR;Overgaard HJ;Matias A;Jawara M;Della Torre A;Petrarca V;Pinto J;Kiszewski AE;Kengne P;Costantini C;Caccone A;Slotman MA
通讯作者：
Slotman MA
影响因子：
3
作者：
Cornuet JM;Ravigné V;Estoup A
通讯作者：
Estoup A
影响因子：
7.7
作者：
Estoup, Arnaud;Baird, Stuart J. E.;Excoffier, Laurent
通讯作者：
Excoffier, Laurent
影响因子：
3
作者：
Bayoh MN;Mathias DK;Odiere MR;Mutuku FM;Kamau L;Gimnig JE;Vulule JM;Hawley WA;Hamel MJ;Walker ED
通讯作者：
Walker ED