Evolution and overview of classical transmitter molecules and their receptors

Evolution and overview of classical transmitter molecules and their receptors
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经典递质分子及其受体的演变和概述

DOI:
10.1017/s0031182000077878
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发表时间:
1996
期刊:
影响因子:
2.4
通讯作者:
L. Holden
L. Holden
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Robert J. Walker;H. Brooks;L. Holden

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所有经典的传递体配体分子都至少在10亿年前进化而来。除了孔虫纲和腔肠动物(刺虫纲)外,它们出现在所有剩余的门中。所有的递质都进化出了激活一系列离子通道的能力,从而产生激发、抑制和双相或多相反应。所有的递质都可以在所有三种基本类型的神经元中合成,即感觉神经元、中间神经元和运动神经元。然而,它们作为感觉、中间神经元或运动递质的相对重要性在不同门之间差别很大。很可能所有神经元都含有不止一种类型的可释放分子,通常是经典递质和神经活性肽的组合。第二信使,即G蛋白和磷脂酶C系统,出现在进化的早期,并出现在所有已研究的门。虽然证据不完整,但很可能所有在哺乳动物中发现的经典递质受体亚型也存在于整个门中。迄今为止克隆的无脊椎动物受体在不同的无脊椎动物门和哺乳动物受体之间显示出一些有趣的同源性。这表明许多基本受体亚型,包括苯二氮卓类亚基,在早期进化,可能至少在8亿年前。总的来说,证据强调主要门之间的相似性而不是它们之间的差异,支持原始蠕虫种群的共同起源。
SUMMARY All the classical transmitter ligand molecules evolved at least 1000 million years ago. With the possible exception of the Porifera and coelenterates (Cnidaria), they occur in all the remaining phyla. All transmitters have evolved the ability to activate a range of ion channels, resulting in excitation, inhibition and biphasic or multiphasic responses. All transmitters can be synthesised in all three basic types of neurones, i.e. sensory, interneurone and motoneurone. However their relative importance as sensory, interneurone or motor transmitters varies widely between the phyla. It is likely that all neurons contain more than one type of releasable molecule, often a combination of a classical transmitter and a neuroactive peptide. Second messengers, i.e. G proteins and phospholipase C systems, appeared early in evolution and occur in all phyla that have been investigated. Although the evidence is incomplete, it is likely that all the classical transmitter receptor subtypes identified in mammals, also occur throughout the phyla. The invertebrate receptors so far cloned show some interesting homologies both between those from different invertebrate phyla and with mammalian receptors. This indicates that many of the basic receptor subtypes, including benzodiazepine subunits, evolved at an early period, probably at least 800 million years ago. Overall, the evidence stresses the similarity between the major phyla rather than their differences, supporting a common origin from primitive helminth stock.
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