Environmental inequality in exposures to airborne particulate matter components in the United States.
Environmental inequality in exposures to airborne particulate matter components in the United States.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.1205201
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发表时间：
2012-12
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Ebisu K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bell ML;Ebisu K
背景：越来越多的证据表明，直径≤2.5 μm的细颗粒物（PM2.5）的毒性因化学成分而异。不同人群对这些成分的暴露程度可能不同。目的：我们调查PM2.5成分暴露是否因种族/民族、年龄和社会经济地位（SES）而异。方法：对215个美国人口普查区的PM2.5和14种PM2.5成分的长期暴露（2000年至2006年）进行了估计。结合人口加权暴露，得出种族/民族、教育、贫困状况、就业、年龄和收入的总体估计暴露。我们比较了有和没有PM2.5成分监测仪的区域的人口特征。结果：与PM2.5总质量相比，各组分暴露估计差异更大。就种族/民族而言，白人的接触率通常最低。非西班牙裔黑人在14项成分中的13项比白人暴露得更高。西班牙裔的接触程度通常最高（例如，氯比白人高152%，铝比白人高94%）。年轻人（0-19岁）除硫酸盐外，所有接触的水平都与其他年龄的人一样高或更高。社会经济地位较低的人有较高的估计暴露，有一些例外。例如，失业比例每增加10%，钒含量增加20.0%，单质碳含量增加18.3%。与没有监督员的人口普查区相比，有监督员的人口普查区非西班牙裔黑人更多，受教育程度和收入更低，失业率和贫困率更高。结论：PM2.5成分暴露因种族/民族、年龄和社会经济地位而异。如果某些成分比其他成分毒性更大，某些人群可能会承受更高的健康负担。监测所覆盖和未覆盖的人口在人口统计上有所不同。
Background: Growing evidence indicates that toxicity of fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) differs by chemical component. Exposure to components may differ by population. Objectives: We investigated whether exposures to PM2.5 components differ by race/ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Long-term exposures (2000 through 2006) were estimated for 215 U.S. census tracts for PM2.5 and for 14 PM2.5 components. Population-weighted exposures were combined to generate overall estimated exposures by race/ethnicity, education, poverty status, employment, age, and earnings. We compared population characteristics for tracts with and without PM2.5 component monitors. Results: Larger disparities in estimated exposures were observed for components than for PM2.5 total mass. For race/ethnicity, whites generally had the lowest exposures. Non-Hispanic blacks had higher exposures than did whites for 13 of the 14 components. Hispanics generally had the highest exposures (e.g., 152% higher than whites for chlorine, 94% higher for aluminum). Young persons (0–19 years of age) had levels as high as or higher than other ages for all exposures except sulfate. Persons with lower SES had higher estimated exposures, with some exceptions. For example, a 10% increase in the proportion unemployed was associated with a 20.0% increase in vanadium and an 18.3% increase in elemental carbon. Census tracts with monitors had more non-Hispanic blacks, lower education and earnings, and higher unemployment and poverty than did tracts without monitors. Conclusions: Exposures to PM2.5 components differed by race/ethnicity, age, and SES. If some components are more toxic than others, certain populations are likely to suffer higher health burdens. Demographics differed between populations covered and not covered by monitors.
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Bell, ML;Davis, D;Thurston, G
通讯作者：
Thurston, G
美国健康效应研究中PM（2.5）化学成分的空间和时间变化。
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Bell ML;Dominici F;Ebisu K;Zeger SL;Samet JM
通讯作者：
Samet JM
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Chakraborty, Jayajit;Zandbergen, Paul A.
通讯作者：
Zandbergen, Paul A.
DOI：
10.1068/a36151
发表时间：
2004-10-01
期刊：
ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A
影响因子：
--
作者：
Buzzelli, M;Jerrett, M
通讯作者：
Jerrett, M
DOI：
10.1164/rccm.200808-1240oc
发表时间：
2009-06-15
影响因子：
24.7
作者：
Bell, Michelle L.;Ebisu, Keita;Dominici, Francesca
通讯作者：
Dominici, Francesca