Microbial applications for sustainable space exploration beyond low Earth orbit.

Microbial applications for sustainable space exploration beyond low Earth orbit.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41526-023-00285-0
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发表时间:
2023-06-21
期刊:
影响因子:
5.1
通讯作者:
Urbaniak, Camilla
Urbaniak, Camilla
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Koehle, Allison P.;Brumwell, Stephanie L.;Seto, Emily P.;Lynch, Anne M.;Urbaniak, Camilla

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随着国际空间站的建成,人类已经在太空中连续生活和工作了22年。太空和地球上其他极端环境中的微生物研究表明,与“正常”条件相比,细菌和真菌具有适应和变化的能力。其中一些变化,如生物膜的形成,可能会对宇航员的健康和航天器的完整性产生负面影响,而另一些变化,如塑料降解的倾向,可能会促进太空中的自给自足和可持续性。随着下一个太空探索时代的到来,在未来10年内,我们将看到载人登月和火星任务,将微生物学研究纳入规划,决策和使命设计将是确保这些长期任务成功的关键。其中包括宇航员微生物组研究,以防止感染,免疫系统功能障碍和骨骼退化,或生物原位资源利用(bISRU)研究,将微生物作为辐射屏蔽,产生电力并建立强大的植物栖息地,用于新鲜食物和废物回收。在这篇评论中,信息将被介绍在生物再生生命支持系统中的微生物的有益使用,它们的适用性bISRU,和它们的能力被遗传工程的生物技术空间应用。此外,我们还讨论了微生物和微生物群落可能对长时间太空旅行产生的负面影响,并提供了减少其影响的缓解策略。利用微生物的好处,同时了解它们的局限性,将有助于我们更深入地探索太空,并在月球,火星和其他地方开发可持续的人类栖息地。
With the construction of the International Space Station, humans have been continuously living and working in space for 22 years. Microbial studies in space and other extreme environments on Earth have shown the ability for bacteria and fungi to adapt and change compared to “normal” conditions. Some of these changes, like biofilm formation, can impact astronaut health and spacecraft integrity in a negative way, while others, such as a propensity for plastic degradation, can promote self-sufficiency and sustainability in space. With the next era of space exploration upon us, which will see crewed missions to the Moon and Mars in the next 10 years, incorporating microbiology research into planning, decision-making, and mission design will be paramount to ensuring success of these long-duration missions. These can include astronaut microbiome studies to protect against infections, immune system dysfunction and bone deterioration, or biological in situ resource utilization (bISRU) studies that incorporate microbes to act as radiation shields, create electricity and establish robust plant habitats for fresh food and recycling of waste. In this review, information will be presented on the beneficial use of microbes in bioregenerative life support systems, their applicability to bISRU, and their capability to be genetically engineered for biotechnological space applications. In addition, we discuss the negative effect microbes and microbial communities may have on long-duration space travel and provide mitigation strategies to reduce their impact. Utilizing the benefits of microbes, while understanding their limitations, will help us explore deeper into space and develop sustainable human habitats on the Moon, Mars and beyond.
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