Mosquito population structure, pathogen surveillance and insecticide resistance monitoring in urban regions of Crete, Greece.
Mosquito population structure, pathogen surveillance and insecticide resistance monitoring in urban regions of Crete, Greece.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0010186
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发表时间：
2022-03
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Vontas J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fotakis EA;Mavridis K;Kampouraki A;Balaska S;Tanti F;Vlachos G;Gewehr S;Mourelatos S;Papadakis A;Kavalou M;Nikolakakis D;Moisaki M;Kampanis N;Loumpounis M;Vontas J
在希腊，病媒传播疾病（VBD），尤其是西尼罗河病毒（WNV）对公众健康和旅游业构成重大威胁，旅游业是对国民经济作出主要贡献的部门。克里特岛是希腊的主要旅游目的地之一，每年接待超过500万游客，使区域VBD控制成为公共卫生和经济的优先事项。在克里特岛地区的主持下，2018-2020年在克里特岛建立了一个针对蚊子和相关病原体的系统综合监测网络。采用常规诊断和分子诊断相结合的方法，调查蚊种组成、种群动态、媒介种群和哨岗鸡病原菌感染情况以及主要媒介种群的抗药性状况。全岛主要病媒包括淡库蚊、白纹伊蚊和超级按蚊。超过75%的样本来自西部地区，可能归因于当地的降水模式，其中Cx。库蚊是最占优势的物种。尽管在分析的蚊子样本中未检测到病原体（黄病毒），但在2018年的样本中，鸡血清分析记录了1.7%的西尼罗河病毒抗体检出率。值得注意的是，同一地区第一例西尼罗河病毒阳性鸡的发现比人类西尼罗河病毒的发生早了大约两周。几丁质合成酶突变I1043F（与高氟虫脲抗性相关）在中国拉西提地区以8%的等位基因频率被记录。（2020年首次在希腊取样）。明显,残雪。在所有4个县的库蚊种群中均发现kdr突变L1014F/C/S（与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性相关）与固定率接近，其中突变L1014C是最常见的等位基因（≥74%）。电压门控钠通道分析。白纹伊蚊显示存在kdr突变F1534C和I1532T（与假定的轻度拟除虫菊酯抗性表型相关），但不存在V1016G。等位基因F1534C在所有县（县）中检测到，频率范围为25 ~ 46.6%，而I1532T在哈尼亚、雷西姆农和伊拉克利翁的人群中检测到，频率低于7.1%。最后，在纳入分析的按蚊标本中未检测到kdr突变。我们的研究结果是克里特岛VBD控制的主要关注点，突出了(i)建立季节性综合昆虫学/病原体监测计划的必要性，支持有针对性的媒介控制反应的设计；ii)需要建立适当的杀虫剂抗性管理规划，确保在病媒控制中有效和可持续地使用DFB和拟除虫菊酯类产品。克里特岛是希腊的主要旅游目的地之一，每年接待500多万游客，这使得控制西尼罗河病毒等病媒传播疾病（VBD）成为公共卫生和经济的优先事项。在克里特岛建立了2018-2020年针对蚊子和相关病原体的综合监测网络。全岛均有重要病媒（库蚊、白纹伊蚊和超按蚊）的记录。还记录了哨岗鸡中存在西尼罗河病毒抗体，值得注意的是，在同一地区，西尼罗河病毒的发生比人类早了大约两周。还发现了与用于病媒控制的杀虫剂抗药性相关的突变；最重要的是，在希腊首次记录到几丁质合成酶突变I1043F（与高氟虫脲耐药性相关）。我们的研究结果是希腊（特别是克里特岛）VBD控制的主要关注点，突出了(i)建立季节性监测计划的必要性和（ii）建立适当的杀虫剂抗性管理计划以实现可持续媒介控制的必要性。
In Greece vector borne diseases (VBD) and foremost West Nile virus (WNV) pose an important threat to public health and the tourist industry, the primary sector of contribution to the national economy. The island of Crete, is one of Greece’s major tourist destinations receiving annually over 5 million tourists making regional VBD control both a public health and economic priority. Under the auspices of the Region of Crete, a systematic integrative surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and associated pathogens was established in Crete for the years 2018–2020. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito species composition and population dynamics, pathogen infection occurrences in vector populations and in sentinel chickens, and the insecticide resistance status of the major vector species. Important disease vectors were recorded across the island including Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles superpictus. Over 75% of the sampled specimens were collected in the western prefectures potentially attributed to the local precipitation patterns, with Cx. pipiens being the most dominant species. Although no pathogens (flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed mosquito specimens, chicken blood serum analyses recorded a 1.7% WNV antibody detection rate in the 2018 samples. Notably detection of the first WNV positive chicken preceded human WNV occurrence in the same region by approximately two weeks. The chitin synthase mutation I1043F (associated with high diflubenzuron resistance) was recorded at an 8% allelic frequency in Lasithi prefecture Cx. pipiens mosquitoes (sampled in 2020) for the first time in Greece. Markedly, Cx. pipiens populations in all four prefectures were found harboring the kdr mutations L1014F/C/S (associated with pyrethroid resistance) at a close to fixation rate, with mutation L1014C being the most commonly found allele (≥74% representation). Voltage gated sodium channel analyses in Ae. albopictus revealed the presence of the kdr mutations F1534C and I1532T (associated with putative mild pyrethroid resistance phenotypes) yet absence of V1016G. Allele F1534C was recorded in all prefectures (at an allelic frequency range of 25–46.6%) while I1532T was detected in populations from Chania, Rethymnon and Heraklion (at frequencies below 7.1%). Finally, no kdr mutations were detected in the Anopheles specimens included in the analyses. The findings of our study are of major concern for VBD control in Crete, highlighting (i) the necessity for establishing seasonal integrated entomological/pathogen surveillance programs, supporting the design of targeted vector control responses and; ii) the need for establishing appropriate insecticide resistance management programs ensuring the efficacy and sustainable use of DFB and pyrethroid based products in vector control. The island of Crete, is one of Greece’s major tourist destinations, receiving over 5 million tourists annually, making control of vector borne diseases (VBD) like West Nile virus (WNV) both a public health and economic priority. A comprehensive surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and associated pathogens was established in Crete for the years 2018–2020. Important disease vectors (Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles superpictus) were recorded across the island. The presence of WNV antibodies in sentinel chickens was also recorded and, notably, preceded human WNV occurrence in the same region by approximately two weeks. Mutations associated with resistance to insecticides used for vector control were also detected; most importantly the chitin synthase mutation I1043F (associated with high diflubenzuron resistance) was recorded for the first time in Greece. The findings of our study are of major concern for VBD control in Greece (and Crete specifically), highlighting (i) the necessity for establishing seasonal surveillance programs and ii) the need for establishing appropriate insecticide resistance management programs for sustainable vector control.
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