Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system.
Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11357-013-9603-2
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发表时间：
2014-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Saffrey, M. Jill
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Saffrey, M. Jill
关键词：
胃肠疾病是老年人发病的主要原因。胃肠道是最复杂的器官系统；它的各种细胞执行一系列生命必需的功能，不仅是分泌、消化、吸收和排泄，而且非常重要的是，防御。胃肠道不仅是有害物质和病原体的屏障，而且还含有大量有益的细菌群，这些细菌群构成了微生物群。胃肠道细胞与中枢神经系统和内分泌系统之间的交流改变了行为；微生物群的有机体也有助于这个脑-肠-肠微生物群轴。肠道中与年龄相关的生理变化不仅是常见的，而且是可变的，可能受到外部因素以及相关细胞的内在衰老的影响。衰老的肠道细胞所表现出的细胞和分子变化也各不相同。衰老的肠平滑肌细胞在调节收缩的信号通路中表现出许多变化。有一些证据表明，肠道神经系统的神经元和神经胶质与年龄相关的变性，尽管肠道神经元的损失可能不像以前认为的那样广泛。衰老的肠道神经元已被证明表现出衰老相关的表型。上皮干细胞在衰老过程中表现出增加的线粒体突变，影响其在粘膜上皮中的后代。在衰老过程中，微生物群和肠道免疫系统的变化可能会导致机体更广泛的衰老，这是越来越重要的分析领域。衰老过程中肠道不同细胞类型的变化如何影响正常肠道功能所必需的众多细胞相互作用，将是未来衰老研究的重要领域。
Gastrointestinal disorders are a major cause of morbidity in the elderly population. The gastrointestinal tract is the most complex organ system; its diverse cells perform a range of functions essential to life, not only secretion, digestion, absorption and excretion, but also, very importantly, defence. The gastrointestinal tract acts not only as a barrier to harmful materials and pathogens but also contains the vast number of beneficial bacterial populations that make up the microbiota. Communication between the cells of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous and endocrine systems modifies behaviour; the organisms of the microbiota also contribute to this brain–gut–enteric microbiota axis. Age-related physiological changes in the gut are not only common, but also variable, and likely to be influenced by external factors as well as intrinsic aging of the cells involved. The cellular and molecular changes exhibited by the aging gut cells also vary. Aging intestinal smooth muscle cells exhibit a number of changes in the signalling pathways that regulate contraction. There is some evidence for age-associated degeneration of neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system, although enteric neuronal losses are likely not to be nearly as extensive as previously believed. Aging enteric neurons have been shown to exhibit a senescence-associated phenotype. Epithelial stem cells exhibit increased mitochondrial mutation in aging that affects their progeny in the mucosal epithelium. Changes to the microbiota and intestinal immune system during aging are likely to contribute to wider aging of the organism and are increasingly important areas of analysis. How changes of the different cell types of the gut during aging affect the numerous cellular interactions that are essential for normal gut functions will be important areas for future aging research.
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