Social context modulates how the winner effect restructures territorial behaviour in free-living woodpeckers
Social context modulates how the winner effect restructures territorial behaviour in free-living woodpeckers
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社会环境调节胜利者效应如何重组自由生活的啄木鸟的领地行为
DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.011
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Fuxjager, Matthew J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miles, Meredith C.;Fuxjager, Matthew J.
动物之间的相互作用，如竞争，是由复杂的社会策略介导的，社会策略包括指导其产生的行为和认知机制。因此，行为是高度灵活的。这对理解竞争如何在自然系统中发挥作用提出了挑战，因为竞争的过程本质上可以通过先前的经验和/或社会环境的变化来重写。在这里，我们通过研究这两个因素如何相互作用来重新配置野鸟在领土防御中使用的竞争策略来解决这一差距。在实验诱导赢家效应（一种赢得比赛会增加未来再次获胜的可能性的认知行为现象）后，我们发现雄性红腹啄木鸟（Melanerpes carolinus）采用了一种新的社会策略，其特点是在不同的攻击表现之间更灵活地转换，并增加了整体的攻击输出。然而，这种影响被雌性社会伴侣的到来所缓和；为了应对这种社会环境的瞬间转变，雄性减少了对领地鼓声的使用，在竞争中不太可能在领地周围移动或切换显示模式。换句话说，赢家效应增加了领土策略的时空多样性，使得雄性频繁改变其位置和显示输出。然而，一只雌性的到来逆转了这种影响。更具体地说，雄性倾向于在雌性到来时恢复广告和社交发声，这表明对社交伴侣的关注可能取代了对领土入侵的威胁。这与一个模型是一致的，在这个模型中，竞争结果受到个体过去经历和当今社会环境变化的相互作用的影响，这可能允许一夫一妻制动物有效地管理驱赶入侵者和照顾社会伴侣的竞争需求。
Animal interactions such as competition are mediated by complex social strategies, which consist of behaviours and cognitive mechanisms that guide their production. As a result, behaviour is highly flexible. This poses a challenge to understanding how competition plays out in natural systems, because the course of a contest can essentially be rewritten by prior experience and/or changes in social context. Here we addressed this gap by studying how both of these factors interact to reconfigure competitive strategies used in territorial defence by a wild bird. After experimentally inducing the winner effect, a cognitive-behavioural phenomenon in which winning a contest increases the probability of winning again in the future, we found that male red-bellied woodpeckers,Melanerpes carolinus, adopted a new social strategy marked by more flexible transitions between different aggressive displays, as well as increasing overall aggressive output. However, this effect was mitigated by the arrival of the female social mate; in response to this momentary shift in social context, males decreased their use of territorial drum displays and became less likely to move around the territory or switch display modes during competition. In other words, the winner effect increased spatiotemporal diversity of territorial strategies, such that males frequently changed their location and display output. A female's arrival, however, reversed this effect. More specifically, males tended to revert to advertisement and social vocalizations on female arrival, which suggests that the need to attend to the social mate may supersede the threat of territorial intrusion. This is consistent with a model in which competitive outcomes are impacted by the interactive effects of an individual's past experiences and shifts in present-day social context, which may allow monogamous animals to effectively manage the competing demands of driving off intruders and attending to the social mate.
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作者：
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
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期刊：
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1001394107
发表时间：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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