Decomposers and root feeders interactively affect plant defence in Sinapis alba.
Decomposers and root feeders interactively affect plant defence in Sinapis alba.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00442-009-1306-0
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发表时间：
2009-05
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Mueller, Caroline
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lohmann, Maite;Scheu, Stefan;Mueller, Caroline
众所周知，地下食草动物会改变植物的生长和防御。与此相反，土壤生物的影响，单独或协同行动，分配模式不太清楚。我们调查了单独和联合的影响，内生线虫物种Aporrectodea caliginosa和根食线虫物种Pratylenchus spantrans和南方根结线虫对植物的反应，包括生长和防御代谢产物浓度的白色芥菜，白芥叶片。土壤生物区系对植物性状有很强的影响，其强度因物种组合而异。线虫侵染减少地上部生物量和氮浓度，但只有在没有蚯蚓。蚯蚓可能抵消了线虫的负面影响。与迁移性病变线虫P. pastrans结合蚯蚓的侵染导致根长增加。蚯蚓的生物量增加，在这种情况下，表明这些线虫增加了蚯蚓的食物资源，推测死亡和腐烂的根。基于氮的防御化合物，即硫代葡萄糖苷，与氮水平无关。在蚯蚓的存在下，芳香族硫代葡萄糖苷在叶片中的浓度显着增加。与此相反，感染P. pastrans强烈降低芥子油苷的浓度（高达81%）。寄生有定居线虫M. incognita诱导芳香硫代葡萄糖苷超过50%，但只有当蚯蚓也存在。黑芥子酶活性，芥子油苷水解酶，不受线虫的影响，但减少蚯蚓的存在。我们的研究结果表明，根食线虫引起系统的植物防御代谢产物的反应，不同功能组的线虫物种的反应有很大的不同。此外，系统的植物反应也改变了分解动物，如蚯蚓，挑战的假设，诱导植物的反应，包括防御性状仅限于草食动物。土壤动物甚至相互作用并调节对植物生长和植物防御的个体效应，从而也可能影响食草动物的攻击。
Aboveground herbivory is well known to change plant growth and defence. In contrast, effects of soil organisms, acting alone or in concert, on allocation patterns are less well understood. We investigated separate and combined effects of the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa and the root feeding nematode species Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne incognita on plant responses including growth and defence metabolite concentrations in leaves of white mustard, Sinapis alba. Soil biota had a strong impact on plant traits, with the intensity varying due to species combinations. Nematode infestation reduced shoot biomass and nitrogen concentration but only in the absence of earthworms. Earthworms likely counteracted the negative effects of nematodes. Infestation with the migratory lesion-nematode P. penetrans combined with earthworms led to increased root length. Earthworm biomass increased in the presence of this species, indicating that these nematodes increased the food resources of earthworms—presumably dead and decaying roots. Nitrogen-based defence compounds, i.e. glucosinolates, did not correlate with nitrogen levels. In the presence of earthworms, concentrations of aromatic glucosinolates in leaves were significantly increased. In contrast, infection with P. penetrans strongly decreased concentrations of glucosinolates (up to 81%). Infestation with the sedentary nematode M. incognita induced aromatic glucosinolates by more than 50% but only when earthworms were also present. Myrosinase activities, glucosinolate-hydrolysing enzymes, were unaffected by nematodes but reduced in the presence of earthworms. Our results document that root-feeding nematodes elicit systemic plant responses in defence metabolites, with the responses varying drastically with nematode species of different functional groups. Furthermore, systemic plant responses are also altered by decomposer animals, such as earthworms, challenging the assumption that induction of plant responses including defence traits is restricted to herbivores. Soil animals even interact and modulate the individual effects on plant growth and plant defence, thereby likely also influencing shoot herbivore attack.
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