Carotenoids in Drug Discovery and Medicine: Pathways and Molecular Targets Implicated in Human Diseases.
Carotenoids in Drug Discovery and Medicine: Pathways and Molecular Targets Implicated in Human Diseases.
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DOI：
10.3390/molecules27186005
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发表时间：
2022-09-15
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类胡萝卜素是植物、藻类、真菌和光合细菌中产生的异戊二烯类天然产物。大多数动物不能合成类胡萝卜素，因为除了节肢动物外，动物中没有从头产生类胡萝卜素的生物合成机制。以异戊烯基焦磷酸(IPP)和二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸酯(DMAPP)为原料，通过甲基赤藓糖醇4-磷酸(MEP)路线合成了两个C20香叶基焦磷酸酯(GGPP)分子，合成了类胡萝卜素。类胡萝卜素的提取方法很多，包括浸渍法、索氏萃取法、超临界流体萃取法(SFE)、微波辅助萃取法(MAE)、加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)、超声波辅助萃取法(UAE)、脉冲电场辅助萃取法(PEF)和酶辅助萃取法(EAE)。据报道，类胡萝卜素具有多种生化作用，包括抑制Akt/mTor、Bcl2、SAPK/JNK、JAK/STAT、MAPK、NRF2/Keap1和NF-κB信号通路，以及增加胆固醇向高密度脂蛋白的外流。类胡萝卜素在肠道中被吸收。少数类胡萝卜素和基于类胡萝卜素的化合物正在进行临床试验，而一些目前正被用作药物。代谢工程技术在类胡萝卜素生产、全基因组测序以及利用植物作为细胞工厂生产特殊类胡萝卜素方面的应用为类胡萝卜素的研究提供了一个很有前途的前景。本文综述了类胡萝卜素的生物合成和提取，类胡萝卜素在人体健康中的作用，类胡萝卜素的代谢，以及类胡萝卜素作为药物和补充剂的来源。
Carotenoids are isoprenoid-derived natural products produced in plants, algae, fungi, and photosynthetic bacteria. Most animals cannot synthesize carotenoids because the biosynthetic machinery to create carotenoids de novo is absent in animals, except arthropods. Carotenoids are biosynthesized from two C20 geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) molecules made from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) route. Carotenoids can be extracted by a variety of methods, including maceration, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). Carotenoids have been reported to exert various biochemical actions, including the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR, Bcl-2, SAPK/JNK, JAK/STAT, MAPK, Nrf2/Keap1, and NF-κB signaling pathways and the ability to increase cholesterol efflux to HDL. Carotenoids are absorbed in the intestine. A handful of carotenoids and carotenoid-based compounds are in clinical trials, while some are currently used as medicines. The application of metabolic engineering techniques for carotenoid production, whole-genome sequencing, and the use of plants as cell factories to produce specialty carotenoids presents a promising future for carotenoid research. In this review, we discussed the biosynthesis and extraction of carotenoids, the roles of carotenoids in human health, the metabolism of carotenoids, and carotenoids as a source of drugs and supplements.
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DOI：
10.1093/ajcn/nqy097
发表时间：
2018-11-01
期刊：
The American journal of clinical nutrition
影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4614-0631-0_7
发表时间：
2012-01-01
期刊：
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影响因子：
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