A systems perspective on water markets: barriers, bright spots, and building blocks for the next generation
A systems perspective on water markets: barriers, bright spots, and building blocks for the next generation
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水市场的系统视角：障碍、亮点和下一代的构建模块
DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/acb227
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Erfurth, Sophie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Garrick, Dustin;Balasubramanya, Soumya;Beresford, Melissa;Wutich, Amber;Gilson, Gina G.;Jorgensen, Isabel;Brozović, Nicholas;Cox, Michael;Dai, Xiaoping;Erfurth, Sophie
水市场是分配水和水权的分散方法，几十年来一直被吹捧为未来水政策的一部分[1-3]。虽然支持者哀叹其缓慢的吸收和批评者抵制其传播，水市场既不是新的，也不罕见。例如，阿曼和西班牙灌溉系统中的水交易已经发生了数百年，澳大利亚和美国的交易证据可以追溯到19世纪世纪。即使是水资源相对丰富的地区，也依赖于油轮水市场和其他水企业家来解决劳动力和基础设施的短缺[6-8]。澳大利亚地表水市场[9]或加德满都的油轮市场（在旱季提供约20%的家庭用水）的年平均营业额近20亿澳元（AUD），说明了水市场活动的多样性[10]。尽管经验不断增加，但水市场的讨论往往被神话而不是证据所主导[11]。研究因相互竞争的定义和假设而分裂，限制了政策制定者对理论和实践见解的整合[12]。水市场的支持者强调，水市场有潜力通过有效分配水资源和使人们能够适应不断变化的供求模式来实现各种政策目标。政策目标从减少地下水超采和恢复环境流动到更广泛的社会和发展目标，包括减贫、可持续城市化、农业风险管理和实现水权等。相反，批评者指出，水市场如何对买卖水的社区造成负面影响，并通过加强限制正式权利分配的殖民和剥夺遗产，进一步排挤或排斥土著人民[13-15]。
Water markets are a decentralized approach for allocating water and water rights that have been touted as part of the future of water policy for decades [1–3]. While proponents have lamented their slow uptake and critics have resisted their spread, water markets are neither new nor rare. Water trading in the irrigation systems of Oman and Spain [4, 5], for example, has occurred for hundreds of years, and evidence of trading in Australia and the USA has been traced to the 19th century. Even regions with relatively abundant water rely on tanker water markets and other water entrepreneurs to address shortfalls of labor and infrastructure [6–8]. The diversity of water market activity is illustrated by the nearly $2 billion (AUD) average annual turnover in Australia’s surface water markets [9] or the tanker markets in Kathmandu which deliver approximately 20% of the water used by households in the dry season [10].Despite growing experience, discussions of water markets are often dominated by myths rather than evidence [11]. Research is splintered by competing definitions and assumptions, constraining the consolidation of theory and practical insights for policymakers [12]. Water market proponents highlight their potential to address diverse policy objectives by allocating water efficiently and enabling adaptation to shifting patterns of supply and demand. Policy objectives range from reducing groundwater overdraft and restoring environmental flows to broader social and development goals, including poverty alleviation, sustainable urbanization, agricultural risk management, and meeting the human right to water. In contrast, critics note how water markets can cause negative impacts on communities where water is bought and sold and can further sideline or exclude Indigenous peoples by reinforcing legacies of colonization and dispossession that have limited formal allocation of rights [13–15].
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DOI：
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