Risk of dietary and breastmilk exposure to mycotoxins among lactating women and infants 2-4 months in northern India.
Risk of dietary and breastmilk exposure to mycotoxins among lactating women and infants 2-4 months in northern India.
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DOI：
10.1111/mcn.13100
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发表时间：
2021-04
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Young MF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mehta RV;Wenndt AJ;Girard AW;Taneja S;Ranjan S;Ramakrishnan U;Martorell R;Ryan PB;Rangiah K;Young MF
真菌毒素是真菌的致癌次级代谢产物，与婴儿生长迟缓有关。在这项研究中，我们量化了来自印度哈里亚纳邦的母乳和食物样本中共存的真菌毒素，并描述了暴露的决定因素。对母亲和婴儿进行确定性风险评估。我们使用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测了100份母乳样本（2-4个月的婴儿）中8种真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2、M1、M2;赭曲霉毒素A、B）的水平。采用酶联免疫吸附试验，在几种食物（n = 298）中检测出黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB 1）、伏马菌素B1（FB 1）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）。我们报告了来自印度的母乳样本中存在真菌毒素的新数据。尽管母乳浓度（AFM 1中位数：13.7;范围：3.9-1200 ng/L）仍然很低，但在27%的动物乳汁样本中检测到AFM 1高于监管限值。此外，由于食用母乳，41%的婴儿的AFM 1高于临时最大耐受每日摄入量（PMTDI）限值（平均值：3.04，范围：0.26-80.7 ng kg-1 bw day-1）。母亲食用面包（p < 0.05）与母乳AFM 1暴露相关。干辣椒中检出黄曲霉毒素B1（μg/kg（15.7; 0-302.3），面粉（3.13; 0-214.9），花生（0; 0-249.1）、玉米（56.0; 0-836.7）、珍珠粟（1.85; 0-160.2）、水稻（0; 0-195.6）、小麦（1.9; 0-196.0）和高粱（0; 0-63.5）。FB 1（mg/kg）在玉米（0; 0-61.4）、珍珠粟（0; 0-35.4）和高粱（0.95; 0-33.2）中检出。在食品样品中未检测到DON。在我们的研究中，由于食用大米和面粉，母亲的黄曲霉毒素B1超过了PMTDI建议值（平均值：75.81;范围：35.2-318.2 ng kg−1 bw day−1）。我们的研究结果显示，黄曲霉毒素B1和M1存在于食物链的各个层面和母乳中，估计摄入量超过PMTDI建议。黄曲霉毒素是已知的致癌物质，也与儿童发育迟缓有关。它们在整个食物系统和母乳中的存在令人担忧，因此需要进一步研究，以复制和扩展我们的发现，并了解对孕产妇和儿童健康的影响。
Mycotoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites of fungi that have been linked to infant growth faltering. In this study, we quantified co‐occurring mycotoxins in breast milk and food samples from Haryana, India, and characterized determinants of exposure. Deterministic risk assessment was conducted for mothers and infants. We examined levels of eight mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, M2; Ochratoxin A, B) in 100 breast milk samples (infants 2–4 months) using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected in several food items (n = 298) using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. We report novel data on the presence of mycotoxins in breast milk samples from India. Whereas breast milk concentrations (AFM1 median: 13.7; range: 3.9–1200 ng/L) remain low, AFM1 was detected above regulatory limits in 27% of animal milk samples. Additionally, 41% of infants were above provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) limits for AFM1 due to consumption of breast milk (mean: 3.04, range: 0.26–80.7 ng kg−1 bw day−1). Maternal consumption of breads (p < 0.05) was associated with breast milk AFM1 exposure. AFB1 (μg/kg) was detected in dried red chilies (15.7; 0–302.3), flour (3.13; 0–214.9), groundnuts (0; 0–249.1), maize (56.0; 0–836.7), pearl millet (1.85; 0–160.2), rice (0; 0–195.6), wheat (1.9; 0–196.0) and sorghum (0; 0–63.5). FB1 (mg/kg) was detected in maize (0; 0–61.4), pearl millet (0; 0–35.4) and sorghum (0.95; 0–33.2). DON was not detected in food samples. Mothers in our study exceeded PMTDI recommendations for AFB1 due to consumption of rice and flour (mean: 75.81; range: 35.2–318.2 ng kg−1 bw day−1). Our findings show the presence of Aflatoxin B1 and M1 at various levels of the food chain and in breast milk, with estimated intakes exceeding PMTDI recommendations. Aflatoxins are known carcinogens and have also been linked to stunting in children. Their presence across the food system and in breast milk is concerning, thus warranting further research to replicate and expand on our findings and to understand implications for maternal and child health.
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DOI：
10.3920/978-90-8686-764-6_48
发表时间：
2013-01-01
期刊：
HANDBOOK OF DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN BREAST MILK
影响因子：
--
作者：
Degen, G. H.;Munoz, K.;Hengstler, J. G.
通讯作者：
Hengstler, J. G.
影响因子：
6
作者：
Bogalho, Fernando;Duarte, Sofia;Pena, Angelina
通讯作者：
Pena, Angelina
影响因子：
6.1
作者：
Barna-Vetró, I;Szabó, E;Solti, L
通讯作者：
Solti, L
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Gummadidala, Phani M.;Chen, Yung Pin;Chanda, Anindya
通讯作者：
Chanda, Anindya
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Galvano, Fabio;Pietri, Annedeo;Gazzolo, Diego
通讯作者：
Gazzolo, Diego