Coordination of tolerogenic immune responses by the commensal microbiota.
Coordination of tolerogenic immune responses by the commensal microbiota.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.007
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发表时间：
2010-05
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Mazmanian SK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Round JL;O'Connell RM;Mazmanian SK
所有哺乳动物在出生时都对微生物的存在一无所知。然而，出生后不久，每一种哺乳动物都开始与大量微生物建立终身的联系，这些微生物栖息在皮肤、口腔、阴道黏膜和胃肠道内。大约有500 - 1000种不同的微生物已经高度进化以占据这些身体部位的生态位，其中肠道内的微生物密度和多样性最高。这些微生物在哺乳动物的营养分解中起着至关重要的作用，并对病原菌的定植具有抵抗力。然而，最近的研究表明，微生物群对我们肠道内外免疫系统的发育都有深远且持久的影响。虽然我们的免疫系统已经进化到能够识别和消灭外来实体，但它却能耐受肠道内的共生微生物。这种耐受性是如何以及为什么会产生一直不清楚。在这里，我们提供的证据表明，肠道内的共生微生物会积极诱导宿主产生耐受反应，从而协调健康的免疫反应。潜在地，宿主与微生物之间这种对话的中断可能导致自身免疫性疾病的发生，如炎症性肠病（IBD）、类风湿性关节炎（RA）或1型糖尿病（T1D）。由于大量的文献都集中在微生物群对肠道免疫反应和IBD的影响上，本章将重点关注微生物群从发育到疾病的肠道外影响，并整合已知的微生物群能够与其宿主积极沟通以促进健康的机制。
All mammals are born ignorant to the existence of microorganisms. Soon after birth, however, every mammal begins a lifelong association with a multitude of microbes that lay residence on the skin, mouth, vaginal mucosa and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Approximately 500-1000 different species of microbes have highly evolved to occupy these bodily niches, with the highest density and diversity occurring within the intestine . These organisms play a vital role in mammalian nutrient breakdown and provide resistance to colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. More recently, however, studies have demonstrated that the microbiota can have a profound and long-lasting effect on the development of our immune system both inside and outside the intestine . While our immune system has evolved to recognize and eradicate foreign entities, it tolerates the symbiotic microorganisms of the intestine. How and why this tolerance occurs has remained unclear. Here we present evidence that the commensal microbes of the intestine actively induce tolerant responses from the host that coordinate healthy immune responses. Potentially, disruption of this dialogue between the host and microbe can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or Type I diabetes (TID). As a wealth of publications have focused on the impact of the microbiota on intestinal immune responses and IBD, this chapter will focus on the extra-intestinal impacts of the microbiota from development to disease and integrate the known mechanisms by which the microbiota is able to actively communicate with its host to promote health.
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64.8
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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