Chemical Defense Mechanisms and Ecological Implications of Indo-Pacific Holothurians.
Chemical Defense Mechanisms and Ecological Implications of Indo-Pacific Holothurians.
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化学防御机制和印度太平洋霍洛库的生态意义。
DOI：
10.3390/molecules25204808
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发表时间：
2020-10-19
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Schupp PJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kamyab E;Rohde S;Kellermann MY;Schupp PJ
海参是一种移动缓慢的生物，不仅利用形态，而且还利用多种化学防御措施来改善它们的整体健康状况和生存机会。由于化学防御化合物也具有很大的药学价值，我们强调生物筛选的重要性，生物筛选是在进一步昂贵和复杂的药理筛选之前识别最具生物活性的生物体的一种相对快速、信息丰富和廉价的方法。在这项研究中，我们调查了来自三个科(海参科、刺参科和突触科)的14种不同的海参对捕食和致病攻击等生态因素的存在和不同的化学防御。我们使用不同的海参粗提物以及纯化部分和纯皂素化合物进行了一系列生态活性测试，包括鱼类饲养试验、细胞毒性试验和对环境病原菌和非病原菌的抑菌试验。此外，我们还利用香草醛-硫酸试验对所有14种海参粗提物中作为有效化学防御化合物的海参特征皂苷化合物的浓度进行了定量和关联。初步结果表明，在所有被测试的海参物种中，能够抵御至少一种生态威胁(捕食和/或细菌攻击)的海参中，Argus Bohadschia Argus、刺参Sticheus choronotus和海参Holothuria fuscopunctata是最有前景的三种生物活性海参。因此，在进一步的分离和纯化尝试之后，我们还检测了后者的含有皂苷的丁醇部分，以及两种纯化的乌骨茶皂苷。我们可以证明，皂素化合物的数量和结构可能在海参的化学防御策略中发挥重要作用。我们的研究结论是，所调查的海参物种的化学和形态防御机制(及其组合)在生态策略上有所不同，以提高它们的总体适合度和生存水平。最后，我们对海洋生物化学生态学的观察和实验不仅可以更好地了解它们在生态和环境中的作用，还可以帮助我们更好地选择生物活性生物/化合物，以便在不久的将来发现新的、具有药理活性的次生代谢物。
Sea cucumbers are slow-moving organisms that use morphological, but also a diverse combination of chemical defenses to improve their overall fitness and chances of survival. Since chemical defense compounds are also of great pharmaceutical interest, we pinpoint the importance of biological screenings that are a relatively fast, informative and inexpensive way to identify the most bioactive organisms prior to further costly and elaborate pharmacological screenings. In this study, we investigated the presence and absence of chemical defenses of 14 different sea cucumber species from three families (Holothuriidae, Stichopodidae and Synaptidae) against ecological factors such as predation and pathogenic attacks. We used the different sea cucumber crude extracts as well as purified fractions and pure saponin compounds in a portfolio of ecological activity tests including fish feeding assays, cytotoxicity tests and antimicrobial assays against environmental pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, we quantified and correlated the concentrations of sea cucumber characteristic saponin compounds as effective chemical defensive compounds in all 14 crude extracts by using the vanillin–sulfuric acid test. The initial results revealed that among all tested sea cucumber species that were defended against at least one ecological threat (predation and/or bacterial attack), Bohadschia argus, Stichopus choloronotus and Holothuria fuscopunctata were the three most promising bioactive sea cucumber species. Therefore, following further fractionation and purification attempts, we also tested saponin-containing butanol fractions of the latter, as well as two purified saponin species from B. argus. We could demonstrate that both, the amount of saponin compounds and their structure likely play a significant role in the chemical defense strategy of the sea cucumbers. Our study concludes that the chemical and morphological defense mechanisms (and combinations thereof) differ among the ecological strategies of the investigated holothurian species in order to increase their general fitness and level of survival. Finally, our observations and experiments on the chemical ecology of marine organisms can not only lead to a better understanding of their ecology and environmental roles but also can help in the better selection of bioactive organisms/compounds for the discovery of novel, pharmacologically active secondary metabolites in the near future.
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影响因子：
0.6
作者：
Adibpour, Neda;Nasr, Farhad;Ameri, Abdolghani
通讯作者：
Ameri, Abdolghani
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Bordbar S;Anwar F;Saari N
通讯作者：
Saari N
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Clarkson, C;Maharaj, VJ;Folb, PI
通讯作者：
Folb, PI
DOI：
10.1099/ijs.0.02359-0
发表时间：
2003-07-01
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Denner, EBM;Smith, GW;Richardson, LL
通讯作者：
Richardson, LL
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Carballo JL;Hernández-Inda ZL;Pérez P;García-Grávalos MD
通讯作者：
García-Grávalos MD