Three-dimensional, high-resolution skeletal kinematics of the avian wing and shoulder during ascending flapping flight and uphill flap-running.
Three-dimensional, high-resolution skeletal kinematics of the avian wing and shoulder during ascending flapping flight and uphill flap-running.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0063982
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Dial KP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baier DB;Gatesy SM;Dial KP
过去的研究表明，鸟类不仅使用翅膀飞行，而且在攀登陡峭的斜坡时也使用翅膀。上坡襟翼跑或翼辅助倾斜跑（WAIR）被不能飞行的幼鸟和有飞行能力的成年鸟用来撤退到高处的避难所。尽管在WAIR、水平和下降飞行期间，飞行方向变化很大，但最近的研究发现，基本的机翼轨迹相对于重力保持不变。如果是这样，关节经历不同的运动，以保持一致的机翼路径在这些特定的扑翼模式。然而，潜在的骨骼运动被羽毛和皮肤掩盖了。为了提高我们对骨骼器官和关节形态与相应运动行为的形式-功能关系的理解，我们使用XROMM（移动形态的X射线重建）来量化在WAIR（用腿和翅膀上升）和上升飞行（AF，仅用翅膀上升）沿着可比较的轨迹期间chukar（Alecomarchukar）的3-D骨骼运动学。这里来自翼关节的证据表明，盂肱关节控制着绝大多数的翼运动。更远的关节主要参与改变翅膀形状。在这两种行为中，所有骨骼在上击顶部的方向相对相似，但随后通过下击分散。在WAIR期间，机翼的总偏移量要小得多，手的尖端遵循更垂直的路径。肱骨凹陷减少50%。此外，在WAIR期间手肘和手腕表现出减小的角度偏移范围。盂肱关节的运动模式与肩喙肱韧带的约束一致。最后，我们发现明显的横向弯曲的叉在上升飞行过程中的wingbeat周期，虽然在chukars的相位模式是相反的观察椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）。
Past studies have shown that birds use their wings not only for flight, but also when ascending steep inclines. Uphill flap-running or wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) is used by both flight-incapable fledglings and flight-capable adults to retreat to an elevated refuge. Despite the broadly varying direction of travel during WAIR, level, and descending flight, recent studies have found that the basic wing path remains relatively invariant with reference to gravity. If so, joints undergo disparate motions to maintain a consistent wing path during those specific flapping modes. The underlying skeletal motions, however, are masked by feathers and skin. To improve our understanding of the form-functional relationship of the skeletal apparatus and joint morphology with a corresponding locomotor behavior, we used XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) to quantify 3-D skeletal kinematics in chukars (Alectoris chukar) during WAIR (ascending with legs and wings) and ascending flight (AF, ascending with wings only) along comparable trajectories. Evidence here from the wing joints demonstrates that the glenohumeral joint controls the vast majority of wing movements. More distal joints are primarily involved in modifying wing shape. All bones are in relatively similar orientations at the top of upstroke during both behaviors, but then diverge through downstroke. Total excursion of the wing is much smaller during WAIR and the tip of the manus follows a more vertical path. The WAIR stroke appears “truncated” relative to ascending flight, primarily stemming from ca. 50% reduction in humeral depression. Additionally, the elbow and wrist exhibit reduced ranges of angular excursions during WAIR. The glenohumeral joint moves in a pattern congruent with being constrained by the acrocoracohumeral ligament. Finally, we found pronounced lateral bending of the furcula during the wingbeat cycle during ascending flight only, though the phasic pattern in chukars is opposite of that observed in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).
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影响因子：
1.5
作者：
DIAL, KP;GOSLOW, GE;JENKINS, FA
通讯作者：
JENKINS, FA
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Berg, Angela M.;Biewener, Andrew A.
通讯作者：
Biewener, Andrew A.
影响因子：
1.5
作者：
BIEWENER, AA;DIAL, KP
通讯作者：
DIAL, KP
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Crisco, JJ;McGovern, RD
通讯作者：
McGovern, RD
影响因子：
10.1
作者：
Dial, KP;Randall, RJ;Dial, TR
通讯作者：
Dial, TR