Dinosaurs: Comparative Cytogenomics of Their Reptile Cousins and Avian Descendants.
Dinosaurs: Comparative Cytogenomics of Their Reptile Cousins and Avian Descendants.
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DOI：
10.3390/ani13010106
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发表时间：
2022-12-27
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影响因子：
--
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自从早期的化石发现以来，恐龙一直存在于科学和大众文化中，但人们对恐龙的兴趣越来越大，尤其是对它们基因组的兴趣。鸟类是爬行动物，特别是兽脚亚目恐龙，这意味着如果我们比较近亲爬行动物的基因组，我们就能知道灭绝恐龙的基因组是什么样子。在所有的动物/植物/真菌中，我们都认为基因组是由染色体组成的。基因位于染色体上，每个物种的每个个体的每个细胞都有自己独特的组织。每个基因都在每条染色体上完全相同的位置，就像大陆和岛屿一样组织起来，基因就像城市/城镇/村庄。除了鳄鱼外，所有爬行动物的基因组中都有大小染色体，但鸟类尤其如此，比如菲律宾和波利尼西亚。鸟类有大约80条染色体（远远超过大多数生物），这在大多数物种中是非常一致的。最近的研究表明，这种模式可能是在2.55亿年前建立的，因为它也主要存在于一些海龟身上。换句话说，大多数恐龙可能像鸡或鸸鹋一样有染色体（基因组组织）。在本文中，我们提出了这可能是如何促成恐龙在外观和功能上如此多样化的想法。被称为恐龙的爬行动物遍布科学和大众文化，自20世纪90年代以来，人们对恐龙基因组学的兴趣日益浓厚。鸟类（属于爬行类）是现存的兽脚亚目恐龙。染色体水平的基因组组装不能由灭绝已久的生物材料组成，但恐龙的基因组组织可以通过相关的现存物种的比较基因组学来推断。除了鳄鱼外，大多数爬行动物都有宏染色体和微染色体；涉及分子细胞遗传学和生物信息学的比较基因组学已经建立了许多物种之间的染色体关系。恐龙在多次灭绝事件中幸存下来的能力现在已经得到了充分的证实，鸟类现在比任何其他陆生脊椎动物都有更多的物种。这可能部分归因于它们的核型特征，包括大约n = 40（约10个宏染色体和30个微染色体）的独特核型。远亲物种基因组组织的相似性表明，共同的鸟类祖先具有类似的核型，例如鸡/鸸鹋/斑胸草雀。与软壳龟（n = 33）接近的核型相似性表明，这一基本模式主要建立在~ 255mya的龟-祖龙分化之前。也就是说，恐龙很可能具有相似的核型，它们广泛的表型变异可能是由增加的随机染色体分离和遗传重组介导的，这在染色体更多、更小的核型中固有地更高。
Dinosaurs have been in scientific and popular culture since early fossil discoveries, but increased interest, particularly in their genomes, is expanding. Birds are reptiles, specifically theropod dinosaurs, meaning that if we compare the genomes of related reptile relations, we can get an idea of what the extinct dinosaur genomes looked like. In all animals/plants/fungi, we think of genome organization in terms of chromosomes. Genes sit on chromosomes and each cell of each individual of each species has its own unique organization. Every gene is in exactly the same spot on each chromosome, organized like continents and islands, with the genes as the cities/towns/villages. All reptiles apart from crocodilians have both big and small chromosomes in their genomes but birds particularly so, like the Philippines or Polynesia. Birds have ~80 chromosomes (far more than most organisms) and this is very consistent in most species. Recent studies suggest that this pattern was probably established ~255 million years ago as it is also mostly present in some turtles. In other words, most dinosaurs probably had chromosomes (genome organization) like chickens or emus. In this paper, we present ideas of how this may have contributed to dinosaurs being so diverse in appearance and function. Reptiles known as dinosaurs pervade scientific and popular culture, while interest in their genomics has increased since the 1990s. Birds (part of the crown group Reptilia) are living theropod dinosaurs. Chromosome-level genome assemblies cannot be made from long-extinct biological material, but dinosaur genome organization can be inferred through comparative genomics of related extant species. Most reptiles apart from crocodilians have both macro- and microchromosomes; comparative genomics involving molecular cytogenetics and bioinformatics has established chromosomal relationships between many species. The capacity of dinosaurs to survive multiple extinction events is now well established, and birds now have more species in comparison with any other terrestrial vertebrate. This may be due, in part, to their karyotypic features, including a distinctive karyotype of around n = 40 (~10 macro and 30 microchromosomes). Similarity in genome organization in distantly related species suggests that the common avian ancestor had a similar karyotype to e.g., the chicken/emu/zebra finch. The close karyotypic similarity to the soft-shelled turtle (n = 33) suggests that this basic pattern was mostly established before the Testudine–Archosaur divergence, ~255 MYA. That is, dinosaurs most likely had similar karyotypes and their extensive phenotypic variation may have been mediated by increased random chromosome segregation and genetic recombination, which is inherently higher in karyotypes with more and smaller chromosomes.
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影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Badenhorst D;Hillier LW;Literman R;Montiel EE;Radhakrishnan S;Shen Y;Minx P;Janes DE;Warren WC;Edwards SV;Valenzuela N
通讯作者：
Valenzuela N
影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Hedges SB;Marin J;Suleski M;Paymer M;Kumar S
通讯作者：
Kumar S
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
dos Santos, RML;Bertolotto, CEV;Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y
通讯作者：
Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2002.2074
发表时间：
2002-08-07
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Cotton, JA;Page, RDM
通讯作者：
Page, RDM
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
Avdeyev, Pavel;Jiang, Shuai;Alekseyev, Max A.
通讯作者：
Alekseyev, Max A.