Kerosene: a review of household uses and their hazards in low- and middle-income countries.
Kerosene: a review of household uses and their hazards in low- and middle-income countries.
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DOI：
10.1080/10937404.2012.710134
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bates MN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lam NL;Smith KR;Gauthier A;Bates MN
自19世纪中叶以来，煤油一直是一种重要的家庭燃料。在发达国家，由于电气化，它的使用量已经大大下降。然而，在发展中国家，煤油用于烹饪和照明仍然很普遍。本审查主要集中在发展中国家的家庭煤油使用、其相关排放及其危害。煤油经常被认为是做饭用的固体燃料、生物质和煤炭的更清洁的替代品，在没有电的情况下，煤油灯经常被使用。在全球范围内，估计仍有5亿家庭使用燃料，特别是煤油来照明。然而，研究很少，研究设计和质量参差不齐，结果也不一致。众所周知，煤油的危害包括中毒、起火和爆炸。较少调查的是煤油燃烧产物的暴露和风险。一些煤油使用设备会排放大量的细颗粒物、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)和二氧化硫(SO2)。对用于烹饪或照明的煤油的研究提供了一些证据，表明排放可能损害肺功能，并增加传染病(包括结核病)、哮喘和癌症的风险。然而，研究设计很少，质量参差不齐，结果不一致。考虑到煤油在发展中国家的广泛使用、缺乏充分的流行病学调查、潜在的危害以及对国家能源政策的影响，强烈鼓励研究人员考虑在发展中国家的健康研究中收集有关家庭煤油使用的数据。鉴于煤油的潜在风险，政策制定者可能会考虑煤油补贴的替代方案，例如将支持转向照明和烹饪方面的更清洁技术。
Kerosene has been an important household fuel since the mid-19th century. In developed countries its use has greatly declined because of electrification. However, in developing countries, kerosene use for cooking and lighting remains widespread. This review focuses on household kerosene uses, mainly in developing countries, their associated emissions, and their hazards. Kerosene is often advocated as a cleaner alternative to solid fuels, biomass and coal, for cooking, and kerosene lamps are frequently used when electricity is unavailable. Globally, an estimated 500 million households still use fuels, particularly kerosene, for lighting. However, there are few studies, study designs and quality are varied, and results are inconsistent. Well-documented kerosene hazards are poisonings, fires, and explosions. Less investigated are exposures to and risks from kerosene’s combustion products. Some kerosene-using devices emit substantial amounts of fine particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Studies of kerosene used for cooking or lighting provide some evidence that emissions may impair lung function and increase infectious illness (including tuberculosis), asthma, and cancer risks. However, there are few study designs, quality is varied, and results are inconsistent. Considering the widespread use in the developing world of kerosene, the scarcity of adequate epidemiologic investigations, the potential for harm, and the implications for national energy policies, researchers are strongly encouraged to consider collecting data on household kerosene uses in studies of health in developing countries. Given the potential risks of kerosene, policymakers may consider alternatives to kerosene subsidies, such as shifting support to cleaner technologies for lighting and cooking.
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