Self‐Determination Theory and the Relation of Autonomy to Self‐Regulatory Processes and Personality Development
Self‐Determination Theory and the Relation of Autonomy to Self‐Regulatory Processes and Personality Development
复制标题
自决理论以及自主性与自我调节过程和人格发展的关系
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
E. Deci
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Christopher P. Niemiec;Richard M. Ryan;E. Deci
争取自由的斗争一直是历史上一个占主导地位的政治主题。专制政权一再控制了国家，最终受到一个或多个反叛个人的挑战，这些人推翻了暴政，宣布自由。这种冲突的证据可以从希腊的战争口号“不自由，毋宁死”中找到，帕特里克·亨利的名言“不自由，毋宁死”也呼应了这种情绪。几千年来，在不同的文化中，在发展过程中，在个人的心理层面上也出现了类似的自我治理斗争。天生具有自我组织和成长的内在倾向，个体在社会力量中挣扎着以意志和正直行事，这些社会力量会让他们感觉自己像棋子一样被控制或无助（de Charms, 1968; Deci & Ryan, 1985）。在这种个人层面的分析中，它不是专制的政治制度，而是在人们生活的日常环境中更接近的人际力量，这代表了控制的主要来源。也就是说，对大多数人来说，显著的控制来自外部压力、奖励，或者来自同伴、父母、老师、经理和其他重要人物的偶然认可。这种在自主体验和控制的冲击之间的个人斗争代表了每个人生活的背景。关于在历史、社会政治和经济层面上对自由的冲突，许多思想家强调自由和自治作为健康发展和成功社会的组成部分的重要性（例如，Sen, 1999）。然而，尽管政治和经济自由有许多支持者，但在心理学领域，自治的重要性却鲜有支持者。各种主流
The struggle for freedom has been a dominant political theme throughout history. Repeatedly, repressive regimes have gained control over countries, eventually to be challenged by one or more rebellious individuals who topple the tyranny and proclaim freedom. Evidence of such conflicts can be found in the Greek war cry, “Freedom or death,” a sentiment echoed by Patrick Henry’s famous demand, “Give me liberty or give me death.” In more recent times this struggle has been reflected in the actions of such people as Archbishop Desmond Tutu and the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, who worked to promote their people’s voices and self-governance. Through the millennia and across cultures an analogous struggle for self-governance has also played out at the psychological level of individuals during development. Born with an inherent tendency toward self-organization and growth, individuals struggle to act with volition and integrity amid social forces that can make them feel controlled like pawns or helpless (de Charms, 1968; Deci & Ryan, 1985b). At this individual level of analysis, it is not tyrannical political systems, but rather more proximal interpersonal forces in the everyday contexts of people’s lives, which represent the primary sources of control. That is, the salient controls for most people stem from external pressures, rewards, or contingent approval of peers, parents, teachers, managers, and other significant people. This personal struggle between the experience of autonomy and its impingement by control represents a backdrop for every human life. Regarding conflicts over freedom at the historical, sociopolitical, and economic levels, many thinkers have stressed the importance of freedom and self-governance as a component of healthy development and successful societies (e.g., Sen, 1999). Yet whereas political and economic freedom has many champions, within the discipline of psychology the importance of autonomy has had few proponents. Various mainstream
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影响因子：
7.6
作者：
RYAN, RM;CONNELL, JP
通讯作者：
CONNELL, JP
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
GROLNICK, WS;RYAN, RM
通讯作者：
RYAN, RM
DOI：
--
发表时间：
--
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
C. Neighbors;Nathaniel A. Vietor;C. Knee
通讯作者：
C. Neighbors;Nathaniel A. Vietor;C. Knee
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Niemiec CP;Ryan RM;Deci EL
通讯作者：
Deci EL
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Williams, GC;Deci, EL
通讯作者：
Deci, EL