Pheromonal and behavioral cues trigger male-to-female aggression in Drosophila.
Pheromonal and behavioral cues trigger male-to-female aggression in Drosophila.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1000541
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发表时间：
2010-11-23
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Kravitz EA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fernández MP;Chan YB;Yew JY;Billeter JC;Dreisewerd K;Levine JD;Kravitz EA
通过遗传操纵信息素和行为模式，我们发现果蝇雄性对其他雄性和雌性的攻击模式完全逆转。适当的攻击表现依赖于识别潜在竞争对手的能力。与大多数物种一样，果蝇雄性会与其他雄性争斗，而不会攻击雌性。在昆虫中，性别识别强烈依赖于化学感觉通讯，介导的表皮碳氢化合物作为信息素。虽然化学和其他感官线索在刺激雄性向雌性求偶中的作用在果蝇中已经得到了很好的描述，但引发攻击的信号仍然不清楚。在这里，我们表明，当女性信息素或行为男性化，男性承认女性竞争对手和切换从求爱到侵略。为了使雌性信息素雄性化，将携带性别决定因子Transformer（traIR）的dsRNA的转基因靶向信息素产生细胞，即卵母细胞。交配后不久，男性攻击这些女性，表明信息素线索可以凌驾于其他感官线索。令人惊讶的是，通过将traIR定位于正常女性的神经系统来使女性行为男性化，也足以引发男性的攻击。同时雄性化的信息素和行为诱导一个完整的开关在正常的男性反应的女性。对照组的雄性现在与这些雌性搏斗而不是交配。在一个相互的实验中，雌性化的卵母细胞和神经系统的男性表达的Transformer（traF）引起高水平的求爱和很少或没有侵略控制男性。最后，当面对苍蝇缺乏信息素，控制男性攻击男性，而不是女性的对手，这表明侵略是不是一个默认的行为，在没有信息素的线索。因此，我们的研究结果表明，男性化的信息素或行为的女性是足以引发男性对女性的侵略。此外，通过操纵双方的信息素配置文件和对手显示的战斗模式，男性对男性和女性的行为反应可以完全逆转。因此，信息素和行为线索都被果蝇雄性用来识别同种竞争者。与其他物种一样，果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）使用信息素形式的化学信号来识别另一个个体的物种和性别。雄性通常与其他雄性战斗，不攻击雌性。虽然信息素和其他感官线索在刺激雌性求爱中的作用已经得到了广泛的研究，但引发对其他雄性攻击的信号仍然不清楚。在这项工作中，我们使用遗传工具来表明，雄性化的女性信息素是足以引发侵略野生型男性对女性。令人惊讶的是，雄性也会攻击那些表现出雄性攻击模式的雌性，即使它们表现出正常的雌性信息素，这表明信息素并不是识别另一种动物作为对手的唯一重要线索。通过同时操纵信息素和对手的行为模式，我们可以完全切换雄性对雌性和雄性的行为反应。这些结果表明，不仅信息素，而且行为线索可以作为触发器的攻击，强调行为反馈的重要性，在社会行为的表现。
By genetically manipulating both pheromonal profiles and behavioral patterns, we find that Drosophila males showed a complete reversal in their patterns of aggression towards other males and females Appropriate displays of aggression rely on the ability to recognize potential competitors. As in most species, Drosophila males fight with other males and do not attack females. In insects, sex recognition is strongly dependent on chemosensory communication, mediated by cuticular hydrocarbons acting as pheromones. While the roles of chemical and other sensory cues in stimulating male to female courtship have been well characterized in Drosophila, the signals that elicit aggression remain unclear. Here we show that when female pheromones or behavior are masculinized, males recognize females as competitors and switch from courtship to aggression. To masculinize female pheromones, a transgene carrying dsRNA for the sex determination factor transformer (traIR) was targeted to the pheromone producing cells, the oenocytes. Shortly after copulation males attacked these females, indicating that pheromonal cues can override other sensory cues. Surprisingly, masculinization of female behavior by targeting traIR to the nervous system in an otherwise normal female also was sufficient to trigger male aggression. Simultaneous masculinization of both pheromones and behavior induced a complete switch in the normal male response to a female. Control males now fought rather than copulated with these females. In a reciprocal experiment, feminization of the oenocytes and nervous system in males by expression of transformer (traF) elicited high levels of courtship and little or no aggression from control males. Finally, when confronted with flies devoid of pheromones, control males attacked male but not female opponents, suggesting that aggression is not a default behavior in the absence of pheromonal cues. Thus, our results show that masculinization of either pheromones or behavior in females is sufficient to trigger male-to-female aggression. Moreover, by manipulating both the pheromonal profile and the fighting patterns displayed by the opponent, male behavioral responses towards males and females can be completely reversed. Therefore, both pheromonal and behavioral cues are used by Drosophila males in recognizing a conspecific as a competitor. As in other species, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster uses chemical signals in the form of pheromones to recognize the species and sex of another individual. Males typically fight with other males and do not attack females. While the roles of pheromonal and other sensory cues in stimulating courtship towards females have been extensively studied, the signals that elicit aggression towards other males remain unclear. In this work, we use genetic tools to show that masculinization of female pheromones is sufficient to trigger aggression from wild type males towards females. Surprisingly, males also attacked females that displayed male patterns of aggression, even if they show normal female pheromonal profiles, indicating that pheromones are not the only cues important for identifying another animal as an opponent. By simultaneously manipulating pheromones and behavioral patterns of opponents, we can completely switch the behavioral response of males towards females and males. These results demonstrate that not only pheromonal but also behavioral cues can serve as triggers of aggression, underlining the importance of behavioral feedback in the manifestation of social behaviors.
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