An introduction to neuroimmunology.
An introduction to neuroimmunology.
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DOI：
10.1111/imr.13133
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发表时间：
2022-10
影响因子：
8.7
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中科院分区：
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几十年来，大脑被认为是一个免疫特权器官，在战略上与免疫系统分离，以限制免疫信号对中枢神经系统（CNS）的潜在有害作用。然而，新出现的证据现在指出免疫学在基础神经生物学的几乎每个方面都起着关键作用，包括正常的大脑发育，认知和行为控制。此外，免疫系统现在被认为是主要参与绝大多数主要神经系统疾病，包括阿尔茨海默病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）、中风、癫痫、创伤性脑损伤、胶质母细胞瘤、精神疾病、自闭症、疼痛和成瘾，仅举几例。甚至更少的以脑为中心的疾病如肥胖、心血管疾病和肠道疾病现在被认为通过微生物组-神经免疫和迷走神经-神经免疫轴受到神经免疫学的高度影响1，2。与免疫细胞可以造成显著附带损伤而没有严重后果的其他外周器官相比，免疫系统对旁观者CNS神经元的损伤可能是永久性的，因此需要严格控制神经免疫反应。大脑具有许多独特的结构，细胞和分子特征，以保持免疫反应。专门的细胞类型，神经系统衍生的分子信号，以及支配中枢神经系统中免疫细胞的解剖特征将在这期《免疫学评论》特刊中讨论。这期特刊还将探讨中枢神经系统和免疫系统之间的相互串扰如何有助于健康和疾病。
For decades, the brain was thought to be an immune-privileged organ that was physically separated from the immune system in a strategic effort to limit potentially deleterious actions of immune signaling on the central nervous system (CNS). However, emerging evidence now points to critical roles for immunology in almost every facet of fundamental neurobiology including normal brain development, cognition, and behavioral control. Moreover, the immune system is now recognized to be centrally involved in the vast majority of major neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, glioblastoma, mental illness, autism, pain, and addiction just to name a few. Even less brain-centric disorders like obesity, cardiovascular disease, and intestinal disorders are now recognized to be highly influenced by neuroimmunology via the microbiome-neuroimmune and the vagus nerve-neuroimmune axes1, 2.In contrast to other peripheral organs where immune cells can inflict significant collateral damage without serious consequences, damage to bystander CNS neurons by the immune system may be permanent, thus requiring neuroimmune responses to be tightly controlled. The brain is equipped with numerous unique structural, cellular, and molecular characteristics to keep immune responses in check. The specialized cell types, nervous system-derived molecular signals, and anatomical features that govern immune cells in the CNS will be discussed in this special issue of Immunological Reviews. This special issue will also explore how reciprocal crosstalk between the CNS and the immune system contributes to health and disease.
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