Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns - A snapshot from wastewater analysis.
Changes in drug use in European cities during early COVID-19 lockdowns - A snapshot from wastewater analysis.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2021.106540
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发表时间：
2021-08
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Bijlsma L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Been F;Emke E;Matias J;Baz-Lomba JA;Boogaerts T;Castiglioni S;Campos-Mañas M;Celma A;Covaci A;de Voogt P;Hernández F;Kasprzyk-Hordern B;Laak TT;Reid M;Salgueiro-González N;Steenbeek R;van Nuijs ALN;Zuccato E;Bijlsma L
COVID-19爆发迫使各国采取严格的限制措施以遏制其传播。特别是，实际距离和行动限制对人类行为产生了重要影响，而且还可能对非法药物的使用和供应产生影响。这些变化可能会给用户带来额外的风险，特别是由于减少了预防和减少伤害活动的机会。此外，由于各种限制，可以收集的吸毒数据数量有限。本研究的目的是获得有关受COVID-19限制影响的非法药物使用的潜在变化的信息。在封城初期（2020年3月至5月），在荷兰、比利时、西班牙和意大利的7个城市采集了废水样本。使用先前建立和验证的方法，测量了苯丙胺（AMP）、甲基苯丙胺（METH）、MDMA、苯甲酰芽子碱（BE，可卡因的主要代谢物）和11-去甲-9-羧基-Δ9-四氢大麻酚（THC-COOH，四氢大麻酚（THC）的主要代谢物）的水平，并与前几年的结果进行了比较。在所审议的国家中观察到毒品消费水平的重大差异。虽然某些物质和地点的消费量明显下降（例如，与往年相比，MDMA水平下降了50%）。在某些情况下，与前几年相比，可以发现类似甚至更高的水平，还观察到每周模式的变化，但这些变化并没有对所有地点和/或物质进行明确界定。调查结果证实，目前的情况参差不齐，仍然很难解释和（或）预测目前的流行病对非法药物使用和供应的影响。然而，鉴于目前由于各种限制而难以获得数据，废水分析可以提供有关地方一级情况的相关信息，否则很难获得这些信息。
The COVID-19 outbreak has forced countries to introduce severe restrictive measures to contain its spread. In particular, physical distancing and restriction of movement have had important consequences on human behaviour and potentially also on illicit drug use and supply. These changes can be associated with additional risks for users, in particular due to reduced access to prevention and harm reduction activities. Furthermore, there have been limitations in the amount of data about drug use which can be collected due to restrictions. To goal of this study was to obtain information about potential changes in illicit drug use impacted by COVID-19 restrictions. Wastewater samples were collected in seven cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Italy at the beginning of lockdowns (March-May 2020). Using previously established and validated methods, levels of amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), MDMA, benzoylecgonine (BE, the main metabolite of cocaine) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH, main metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) were measured and compared with findings from previous years. Important differences in levels of consumed drugs were observed across the considered countries. Whilst for some substances and locations, marked decreases in consumption could be observed (e.g., 50% decrease in MDMA levels compared to previous years). In some cases, similar or even higher levels compared to previous years could be found. Changes in weekly patterns were also observed, however these were not clearly defined for all locations and/or substances. Findings confirm that the current situation is highly heterogeneous and that it remains very difficult to explain and/or predict the effect that the present pandemic has on illicit drug use and availability. However, given the current difficulty in obtaining data due to restrictions, wastewater analysis can provide relevant information about the situation at the local level, which would be hard to obtain otherwise.
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影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Bijlsma, Lubertus;Beltran, Eduardo;Hernandez, Felix
通讯作者：
Hernandez, Felix
影响因子：
6
作者：
Burgard, Daniel A.;Williams, Jason;Banta-Green, Caleb J.
通讯作者：
Banta-Green, Caleb J.
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Castiglioni, Sara;Bijlsma, Lubertus;Zuccato, Ettore
通讯作者：
Zuccato, Ettore
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Emke, Erik;Vughs, Dennis;de Voogt, Pim
通讯作者：
de Voogt, Pim
通过废水分析监测2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）冠状病毒疾病期间的药物消耗。
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144006
发表时间：
2021-02-25
期刊：
The Science of the total environment
影响因子：
--
作者：
Reinstadler V;Ausweger V;Grabher AL;Kreidl M;Huber S;Grander J;Haslacher S;Singer K;Schlapp-Hackl M;Sorg M;Erber H;Oberacher H
通讯作者：
Oberacher H