Location and Creation of Nest Sites for Ground-Nesting Bees in Apple Orchards.
Location and Creation of Nest Sites for Ground-Nesting Bees in Apple Orchards.
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作者：
野生的地面筑巢蜜蜂是苹果重要的授粉者。它们通常不会飞离巢穴超过几百米，但很少有人知道它们喜欢在苹果园筑巢。该项目旨在确定在苹果园中发现地面筑巢蜜蜂的位置，存在哪些物种以及影响它们筑巢的因素。大多数蜂巢都是在苹果树下的裸露地面上发现的。该区域通常使用除草剂或机械除草来保持无杂草。此外，在果园中还鉴定出14种地面筑巢蜂。因此，在筑巢高峰期保持苹果园的裸露地面可以改善地面筑巢蜜蜂的筑巢机会，并可能改善授粉。野生地巢蜂是苹果的主要传粉者。我们探讨了，（1）他们选择筑巢，（2）是什么影响了网站的选择和（3）在果园的物种丰富度。23个果园进行了研究，超过三年，12个处理额外的除草剂，以增加裸露的地面，其余的作为未处理的控制。植被覆盖，土壤类型，土壤压实，巢数和位置，物种进行了记录。14种地面筑巢的孤独/eusocial蜜蜂被确定。大多数巢穴都在没有植被的地区，用额外的除草剂处理过的地区在三年内被地面筑巢的蜜蜂利用。巢也均匀分布沿着无植被带下的苹果树。该地区是一个重要的地面筑巢蜜蜂栖息地，2018年和2019年的平均巢数分别为每公顷873个（范围44-5705）和每公顷1153个（范围0-4082）。在高峰期筑巢活动期间，增加和保持苹果园的裸露地面面积可以改善某些地面筑巢蜜蜂的筑巢机会，并与花带相结合，成为更可持续的传粉者管理方法的一部分。树行下的区域是地面筑巢蜜蜂栖息地的重要贡献者，在筑巢高峰期应该保持裸露。
Wild, ground-nesting bees are important pollinators of apple. They generally do not fly more than a couple of hundred meters from their nest, yet little is known of their preferred nest locations in apple orchards. This project set out to identify where ground-nesting bees are found in apple orchards, which species are present and what influences where they nest. Most of the bee nests were found in the bare ground underneath the apple trees. This area is normally maintained weed-free using a herbicide or mechanical weeding. In addition, fourteen species of ground-nesting bee were identified in the orchards. Hence, maintaining areas of bare ground in apple orchards during peak nesting times could improve nesting opportunities for ground-nesting bees and potentially improve pollination. Wild ground-nesting bees are key pollinators of apple (Malus domestica). We explored, (1) where they choose to nest, (2) what influences site selection and (3) species richness in orchards. Twenty-three orchards were studied over three years; twelve were treated with additional herbicide to increase bare ground with the remainder as untreated controls. Vegetation cover, soil type, soil compaction, nest number and location, and species were recorded. Fourteen species of ground-nesting solitary/eusocial bee were identified. Most nests were in areas free of vegetation and areas treated with additional herbicide were utilised by ground nesting bees within three years of application. Nests were also evenly distributed along the vegetation-free strips underneath the apple trees. This area was an important ground-nesting bee habitat with mean numbers of nests at peak nest activity of 873 per ha (range 44–5705), and 1153 per ha (range 0–4082) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Increasing and maintaining areas of bare ground in apple orchards during peak nesting events could improve nesting opportunities for some species of ground-nesting bee and, combined with flowers strips, be part of a more sustainable pollinator management approach. The area under the tree row is an important contributor to the ground-nesting bee habitat and should be kept bare during peak nesting.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Carvell C;Mitschunas N;McDonald R;Hulmes S;Hulmes L;O'Connor RS;Garratt MPD;Potts SG;Fountain MT;Sadykova D;Edwards M;Nowakowski M;Pywell RF;Redhead JW
通讯作者：
Redhead JW
DOI：
10.1080/00221589.1983.11515130
发表时间：
1983-01-01
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
BOYLE, RMD;PHILOGENE, BJR
通讯作者：
PHILOGENE, BJR
DOI：
10.1664/0028-7199(2006)114
发表时间：
2006-03-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Brailovsky, Harry;Barrera, Ernesto
通讯作者：
Barrera, Ernesto
DOI：
10.1002/eap.2564
发表时间：
2022-04
期刊：
Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
3
作者：
Fountain MT
通讯作者：
Fountain MT