History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums. II. The Decline and Resurgence of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1945-2019.
History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums. II. The Decline and Resurgence of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1945-2019.
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DOI：
10.3390/tropicalmed6010002
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发表时间：
2020-12-28
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Anstead GM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anstead GM
蚤传斑疹伤寒由伤寒立克次体和R.猫感染是一种引起发热、头痛、皮疹和多种器官表现的感染，可导致危重病或死亡。这是两部分系列文章的第二部分，描述了上个世纪美国蚤传斑疹伤寒（FBT）的兴起、衰落和复苏。这些研究说明了历史事件、社会条件、技术和公共卫生干预措施对病媒传播疾病流行的影响。跳蚤传播的斑疹伤寒是一种新出现的疾病，主要发生在美国南部和加州，从1910年到1945年。这一时期的主要宿主是褐家鼠和拉氏鼠。主要媒介为东方鼠蚤（印鼠客蚤）。1930年至1945年期间，报告的病例数量急剧上升。这是由于大萧条和第二次世界大战期间有利于啮齿动物及其跳蚤繁殖的条件，包括：破旧，过度拥挤的住房;恶劣的环境卫生;以及在战争期间难以进口杀虫剂和灭鼠剂。1931年至1946年期间报告的病例约为42，000例，实际病例数可能高出三倍。FBT的年度病例数在1944年达到峰值，为5401例。美国参与第二次世界大战，在短期内，通过增加美国南部粮食作物的产量和促进南部城市拥挤和不卫生的条件，进一步延续了FBT的流行。然而，最终，第二次世界大战被证明是控制FBT的强大催化剂，提高了生活水平，并提供了控制斑疹伤寒的工具，如合成杀虫剂和新型杀鼠剂。1945年至1952年，美国公共卫生署开展了一项强有力的FBT控制计划，使用杀虫剂，灭鼠剂，环境卫生和补救措施。南方的政府计划和相对的经济繁荣也导致了贫民窟的清理和住房的改善，从而减少了啮齿动物的栖息地。到1956年，美国的FBT案件数量急剧下降到只有98起。联邦政府资助的灭鼠项目一直持续到20世纪80年代中期。FBT的有效抗生素，如四环素，在20世纪40年代后期进入临床实践。FBT的第一个诊断测试，Weil-Felix测试，被发现具有不足的灵敏度和特异性，并在20世纪40年代被补体结合取代，并在20世纪80年代被间接荧光抗体测试取代。引起FBT的第二种微生物是R. 1990年发现的。跳蚤传播的斑疹伤寒在美国持续存在，主要在德克萨斯州南部和中部、洛杉矶地区和夏威夷。在前两个地区，负鼠（Didelphis virginiana）和猫已取代大鼠成为主要的宿主，猫蚤（Ctenocephalides felis）现在是最重要的媒介。在夏威夷，73%的病例发生在毛伊岛县，因为它的降雨量低于其他地区。尽管在第二次世界大战后的时代对FBT取得了巨大的成功，但事实证明很难消除，因为它现在与我们的伴侣动物，流浪宠物，负鼠和猫蚤有关，猫蚤是一种丰富的非选择性载体。在新的千年里，德克萨斯州和加州的FBT病例正在增加。2018-2019年，洛杉矶县经历了FBT的死灰复燃，老鼠是水库。
Flea-borne typhus, due to Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, and diverse organ manifestations that can result in critical illness or death. This is the second part of a two-part series describing the rise, decline, and resurgence of flea-borne typhus (FBT) in the United States over the last century. These studies illustrate the influence of historical events, social conditions, technology, and public health interventions on the prevalence of a vector-borne disease. Flea-borne typhus was an emerging disease, primarily in the Southern USA and California, from 1910 to 1945. The primary reservoirs in this period were the rats Rattus norvegicus and Ra. rattus and the main vector was the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). The period 1930 to 1945 saw a dramatic rise in the number of reported cases. This was due to conditions favorable to the proliferation of rodents and their fleas during the Depression and World War II years, including: dilapidated, overcrowded housing; poor environmental sanitation; and the difficulty of importing insecticides and rodenticides during wartime. About 42,000 cases were reported between 1931–1946, and the actual number of cases may have been three-fold higher. The number of annual cases of FBT peaked in 1944 at 5401 cases. American involvement in World War II, in the short term, further perpetuated the epidemic of FBT by the increased production of food crops in the American South and by promoting crowded and unsanitary conditions in the Southern cities. However, ultimately, World War II proved to be a powerful catalyst in the control of FBT by improving standards of living and providing the tools for typhus control, such as synthetic insecticides and novel rodenticides. A vigorous program for the control of FBT was conducted by the US Public Health Service from 1945 to 1952, using insecticides, rodenticides, and environmental sanitation and remediation. Government programs and relative economic prosperity in the South also resulted in slum clearance and improved housing, which reduced rodent harborage. By 1956, the number of cases of FBT in the United States had dropped dramatically to only 98. Federally funded projects for rat control continued until the mid-1980s. Effective antibiotics for FBT, such as the tetracyclines, came into clinical practice in the late 1940s. The first diagnostic test for FBT, the Weil-Felix test, was found to have inadequate sensitivity and specificity and was replaced by complement fixation in the 1940s and the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the 1980s. A second organism causing FBT, R. felis, was discovered in 1990. Flea-borne typhus persists in the United States, primarily in South and Central Texas, the Los Angeles area, and Hawaii. In the former two areas, the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and cats have replaced rats as the primary reservoirs, with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) now as the most important vector. In Hawaii, 73% of cases occur in Maui County because it has lower rainfall than other areas. Despite great successes against FBT in the post-World War II era, it has proved difficult to eliminate because it is now associated with our companion animals, stray pets, opossums, and the cat flea, an abundant and non-selective vector. In the new millennium, cases of FBT are increasing in Texas and California. In 2018–2019, Los Angeles County experienced a resurgence of FBT, with rats as the reservoir.
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影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Abramowicz, Kyle F.;Rood, Michael P.;Eremeeva, Marina E.
通讯作者：
Eremeeva, Marina E.
DOI：
10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.311
发表时间：
1970-01-01
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
ADAMS, WH;EMMONS, RW;BROOKS, JE
通讯作者：
BROOKS, JE
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Adjemian J;Parks S;McElroy K;Campbell J;Eremeeva ME;Nicholson WL;McQuiston J;Taylor J
通讯作者：
Taylor J
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.89.1.43
发表时间：
1992-01-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
AZAD, AF;SACCI, JB;CARL, M
通讯作者：
CARL, M
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Abramowicz, K. F.;Wekesa, J. W.;Eremeeva, M. E.
通讯作者：
Eremeeva, M. E.