Transitional justice and authoritarian backsliding

Transitional justice and authoritarian backsliding
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转型正义与独裁倒退

DOI:
10.1007/s10602-020-09315-5
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
0.8
通讯作者:
Nalepa, Monika
Nalepa, Monika
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Nalepa, Monika

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缺乏过渡司法会导致民主倒退吗?本文使用的情况下,波兰认为,过渡司法的选择性执法可以与民主侵蚀。在这样做的时候,本文在两种民主倒退的理论之间进行了裁决。第一种观点由米兰·斯沃利克(Milan Svolik)提出,认为精英两极分化会导致侵蚀:当政治候选人在意识形态上相距甚远时,强烈支持其中一个候选人的公民可能会对他们所支持的候选人的反民主违规行为视而不见,以防止竞争对手获胜。第二个理论由Nalepa,Vanberg和Ciopris(NVC)提出,描述了一种均衡,选民不确定他们正在处理的候选人是一个秘密的独裁者还是一个意识形态的现任者,但无论如何都会重新选举他。这一理论假定,一个秘密的独裁者再次当选,因为他的第一个时期的行动是相同的意识形态现任者。我认为,司法改革在波兰反映了正是那种现任的行动,是一致的,既有意识形态现任者的行动,并与一个封闭的独裁者的行动。使用调查数据从波兰,我发现的证据,精英极化,提供支持的第一个理论,但也发现了足够的证据,极化的选民和信仰结构的支持,从NVC的平衡。我将匈牙利在过渡时期司法和法治方面的经验作为一个影子案例,以说明与波兰类似的动态。
Can a lack of transitional justice contribute to democratic backsliding? This paper uses the case of Poland to argue that selective enforcement of transitional justice can be linked to democratic erosion. In doing so, the paper adjudicates between two theories of democratic backsliding. The first, advanced by Milan Svolik, argues that elite polarization drives erosion: when political candidates are ideologically far apart, citizens who strongly prefer one over the other may turn a blind eye to antidemocratic transgressions by their preferred candidate to prevent the competing candidate from winning. The second theory, presented by Nalepa, Vanberg, and Ciopris (NVC), describes an equilibrium where voters are uncertain whether the candidate they are dealing with is a closet autocrat or an ideological incumbent, but reelect him into office regardless. This theory posits that a closet autocrat is reelected into office because his first period actions are identical to those of an ideological incumbent. I argue that judiciary reforms in Poland reflect exactly the kind of incumbent actions that are consistent both with the actions of an ideological incumbent and with the actions of a closet autocrat. Using survey data from Poland, I find evidence of elite polarization, offering support for the first theory, but also find ample evidence of polarization in the electorate and of a belief structure supportive of the equilibrium from NVC. I present Hungary’s experience with transitional justice and the rule of law as a shadow case to illustrate similar dynamics to those taking place in Poland.
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