Immune evasion strategies of ranaviruses and innate immune responses to these emerging pathogens.
Immune evasion strategies of ranaviruses and innate immune responses to these emerging pathogens.
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DOI：
10.3390/v4071075
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发表时间：
2012-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Robert J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grayfer L;Andino Fde J;Chen G;Chinchar GV;Robert J
蛙病毒（RV，虹彩病毒科）是一种大型双链DNA病毒，感染鱼类，两栖动物和爬行动物。由于生态和商业的原因，相当多的注意力已经提请野生种群和水产养殖环境中的蛙病毒感染的日益普遍。重要的是，RV似乎能够跨越许多变温动物的物种屏障，这表明这些病原体具有广泛的宿主范围和有效的免疫逃避机制。事实上，虽然95-100个预测的蛙病毒基因中的一些编码推定的逃避蛋白（例如，vIFα，vCARD），其中约三分之二与已知的病毒或真核基因没有显著的序列同一性。因此，研究蛙病毒的毒力和免疫逃避策略对于阐明潜在的抗病毒靶点是有希望的。在这方面，基于重组的技术被用来敲除最具特征的RV成员青蛙病毒（FV 3）中的候选基因。同时，通过使用具有广泛特征的免疫系统的动物感染模型，例如非洲爪蛙，非洲爪蟾，越来越明显的是，先天免疫的组成部分是病毒-宿主相互作用的最前沿。例如，巨噬细胞谱系的细胞代表RV感染的重要战斗人员，而它们本身作为病毒感染、维持和可能传播的靶标。本文重点介绍了RV免疫逃避策略的最新进展，重点是先天免疫系统在Ranaviral感染中的作用。
Ranaviruses (RV, Iridoviridae) are large double-stranded DNA viruses that infect fish, amphibians and reptiles. For ecological and commercial reasons, considerable attention has been drawn to the increasing prevalence of ranaviral infections of wild populations and in aquacultural settings. Importantly, RVs appear to be capable of crossing species barriers of numerous poikilotherms, suggesting that these pathogens possess a broad host range and potent immune evasion mechanisms. Indeed, while some of the 95–100 predicted ranavirus genes encode putative evasion proteins (e.g., vIFα, vCARD), roughly two-thirds of them do not share significant sequence identity with known viral or eukaryotic genes. Accordingly, the investigation of ranaviral virulence and immune evasion strategies is promising for elucidating potential antiviral targets. In this regard, recombination-based technologies are being employed to knock out gene candidates in the best-characterized RV member, Frog Virus (FV3). Concurrently, by using animal infection models with extensively characterized immune systems, such as the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, it is becoming evident that components of innate immunity are at the forefront of virus-host interactions. For example, cells of the macrophage lineage represent important combatants of RV infections while themselves serving as targets for viral infection, maintenance and possibly dissemination. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the RV immune evasion strategies with emphasis on the roles of the innate immune system in ranaviral infections.
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影响因子：
1.6
作者：
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