Biooxidation of Ciguatoxins Leads to Species-Specific Toxin Profiles.
Biooxidation of Ciguatoxins Leads to Species-Specific Toxin Profiles.
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DOI:
10.3390/toxins9070205
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发表时间:
2017-06-29
期刊:
影响因子:
4.2
通讯作者:
Yasumoto T
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ikehara T;Kuniyoshi K;Oshiro N;Yasumoto T
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) contaminate fish worldwide and cause the foodborne illness ciguatera. In the Pacific, these toxins are produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, which accumulates in fish through the food chain and undergoes oxidative modification, giving rise to numerous analogs. In this study, we examined the oxidation of CTXs in vitro with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis using reference toxins, and found that CTX4A, CTX4B, and CTX3C, which are produced by the alga, are oxidized to the analogs found in fish, namely CTX1B, 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, 2-hydroxyCTX3C, and 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C. This oxidation was catalyzed by human CYP3A4, fish liver S9 fractions, and microsomal fractions prepared from representative ciguateric fishes (Lutjanus bohar, L. monostigumus, and Oplegnathus punctatus). In addition, fish liver S9 fractions prepared from non-ciguateric fishes (L. gibbus and L. fulviflamma) in Okinawa also converted CTX4A and CTX4B to CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B in vitro. This is the first study to demonstrate the enzymatic oxidation of these toxins, and provides insight into the mechanism underlying the development of species-specific toxin profiles and the fate of these toxins in humans and fish.
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影响因子:
6.6
作者:
Grattan LM;Holobaugh S;Morris JG Jr
通讯作者:
Morris JG Jr
影响因子:
2.8
作者:
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DOI:
10.1073/pnas.0401684101
发表时间:
2004-08-17
影响因子:
11.1
作者:
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通讯作者:
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影响因子:
3.8
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Skinner MP;Brewer TD;Johnstone R;Fleming LE;Lewis RJ
通讯作者:
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