Mid‐To‐Late Holocene Agricultural System Transformations in the Northern Fertile Crescent: A Review of the Archaeobotanical, Geoarchaeological, and Philological Evidence
Mid‐To‐Late Holocene Agricultural System Transformations in the Northern Fertile Crescent: A Review of the Archaeobotanical, Geoarchaeological, and Philological Evidence
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北部新月沃地中全新世中晚期农业系统转型：植物考古学、地质考古学和语言学证据回顾
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Sallaberger
中科院分区：
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作者：
S. Riehl;K. Pustovoytov;Aron Dornauer;W. Sallaberger
气候，景观地球物理 Mon © 2012。美国 10.1029/2012GM 在全新世中晚期（大约公元前 3000-1000 年），新月沃地北部地区的社会政治和文化生活经历了巨大变化。人们对农业生产的这些变化的范围以及它们与气候的相互关系知之甚少。我们通过基于美索不达米亚北部一系列考古遗址的考古植物学、地质考古学和语言学数据的跨学科方法，回顾并强调农业系统的转变以及可能引发这些转变的因素。考古植物学记录表明，从青铜时代早期到青铜时代中期（MBA）过渡期间，农作物种植发生了变化。 MBA 的一般模式也体现在青铜时代晚期遗址中，而铁器时代遗址则揭示了一些变化，例如自由脱粒小麦出现的扩展和亚麻的回归。这些变化是通过与种子中稳定碳同位素组成的波动以及田间土壤沉积剖面和文本来源记录的灌溉网络动态进行比较而确定的。证据表明，青铜时代社会变革的原因有很多，例如气候和环境条件的变化、社会、政治和经济复杂性的增加、人口增长以及相关的可持续性和战争问题，这些都通过反馈机制交织在一起。我们是否称这些发展为“崩溃”或“重新开始”仍然是一个见仁见智的问题。
Climates, Landsca Geophysical Mon © 2012. American 10.1029/2012GM The region of the northern Fertile Crescent experienced dramatic changes in the political and cultural life of its societies during the mid-late Holocene period (approximately 3000–1000 calibrated years B.C.). The range of these changes in terms of agricultural production, as well as their interrelationship with climate, is poorly understood. We review and highlight the transformations of agricultural systems, and what might have triggered them, through an interdisciplinary approach based on archaeobotanical, geoarchaeological, and philological data from a series of archaeological sites in northern Mesopotamia. The archaebotanical record suggests changes in crop cultivation at the transition from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age (MBA). The general pattern of the MBA manifests itself also in the Late Bronze Age sites, whereas the Iron Age sites reveal changes such as the extension of free-threshing wheat occurrence and a return of flax. These changes have been set in comparison to fluctuations of the stable carbon isotope composition in seeds and to the dynamics of irrigation networks documented by pedosediment profiles in the field, as well as by textual sources. According to the evidence, a number of reasons can be considered responsible for societal change during the Bronze Age, such as changing climatic and environmental conditions, increasing societal, political, and economic complexity, population growth and related problems of sustainability and warfare, which were all interwoven through feedback mechanisms. Whether we call these developments “collapse” or “recommencement” remains a matter of opinion.
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