Infectious Entry Pathway Mediated by the Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Envelope Protein.

Infectious Entry Pathway Mediated by the Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Envelope Protein.
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由人内源性逆转录病毒 K 包膜蛋白介导的感染进入途径。

DOI:
10.1128/jvi.03136-15
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发表时间:
2016
影响因子:
5.4
通讯作者:
Whelan,SeanPJ
Whelan,SeanPJ
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Robinson,LindseyR;Whelan,SeanPJ

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内源性逆转录病毒(ERV),其中大部分是作为古老病毒的降解残留物存在的,约占人类基因组的8%。最年轻的人类ERVs(HERVs)属于HERV-K(HML-2)亚组,在过去100万年内内源化。病毒包膜蛋白(ENV)促进内源化的最早期事件(细胞附着和进入),在这里,我们描述了HERV-K ENV介导感染性细胞进入的要求。细胞-细胞融合试验表明,至少需要两个事件的融合,弗林蛋白酶样蛋白酶的蛋白水解加工和暴露于酸性pH值。我们产生了一种传染性自主复制重组水泡性口炎病毒(VSV),其中的糖蛋白被替换为HERV-K ENV。HERV-K ENV赋予内吞进入途径,其需要发动蛋白介导的膜断裂和内体酸化,但不同于网格蛋白依赖性或巨胞饮摄取途径。VSV核心在真核细胞中的复制缺乏障碍,这使我们能够广泛地调查HERV-K ENV决定的向性。与现存的β逆转录病毒包膜不同,它赋予一个狭窄的物种嗜性,我们发现HERV-K ENV介导广泛的嗜性,包括来自多种哺乳动物和非哺乳动物物种的细胞。我们的结论是HERV-K ENV规定了一个进化上保守的进入途径,并限制HERV-K灵长类动物基因组反映了下游阶段的病毒复制cycle. IMPORTANCE约8%的人类基因组是逆转录病毒的起源。虽然这些病毒基因组中的许多已经失活,但最近内源化的人类逆转录病毒HERV-K的一些拷贝可以编码单独的功能蛋白。在这里,我们描述了病毒的包膜蛋白(ENV),以确定它如何介导细胞感染。我们证明,HERV-K ENV经历了蛋白水解加工步骤,并触发膜融合,以响应酸性pH值-一种常见的策略,许多病毒融合。我们的数据表明,由这种ENV介导的感染性进入途径需要内体酸化和GT3发动蛋白,但不需要网格蛋白依赖性摄取。与其他β逆转录病毒形成鲜明对比的是,HERV-K ENV在培养的细胞中赋予广泛的种属嗜性。这项工作为灭绝的人类病毒的进入途径提供了新的见解,并为进一步探索HERV-K感染细胞的内吞途径提供了有力的工具。
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), the majority of which exist as degraded remnants of ancient viruses, comprise approximately 8% of the human genome. The youngest human ERVs (HERVs) belong to the HERV-K(HML-2) subgroup and were endogenized within the past 1 million years. The viral envelope protein (ENV) facilitates the earliest events of endogenization (cellular attachment and entry), and here, we characterize the requirements for HERV-K ENV to mediate infectious cell entry. Cell-cell fusion assays indicate that a minimum of two events are required for fusion, proteolytic processing by furin-like proteases and exposure to acidic pH. We generated an infectious autonomously replicating recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in which the glycoprotein was replaced by HERV-K ENV. HERV-K ENV imparts an endocytic entry pathway that requires dynamin-mediated membrane scission and endosomal acidification but is distinct from clathrin-dependent or macropinocytic uptake pathways. The lack of impediments to the replication of the VSV core in eukaryotic cells allowed us to broadly survey the HERV-K ENV-dictated tropism. Unlike extant betaretroviral envelopes, which impart a narrow species tropism, we found that HERV-K ENV mediates broad tropism encompassing cells from multiple mammalian and nonmammalian species. We conclude that HERV-K ENV dictates an evolutionarily conserved entry pathway and that the restriction of HERV-K to primate genomes reflects downstream stages of the viral replication cycle.IMPORTANCEApproximately 8% of the human genome is of retroviral origin. While many of those viral genomes have become inactivated, some copies of the most recently endogenized human retrovirus, HERV-K, can encode individual functional proteins. Here, we characterize the envelope protein (ENV) of the virus to define how it mediates infection of cells. We demonstrate that HERV-K ENV undergoes a proteolytic processing step and triggers membrane fusion in response to acidic pH—a strategy common to many viral fusogens. Our data suggest that the infectious entry pathway mediated by this ENV requires endosomal acidification and the GTPase dynamin but does not require clathrin-dependent uptake. In marked contrast to other betaretroviruses, HERV-K ENV imparts broad species tropism in cultured cells. This work provides new insights into the entry pathway of an extinct human virus and provides a powerful tool to further probe the endocytic route by which HERV-K infects cells.
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影响因子: 5.4
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DOI: --
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影响因子: 3.7
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