School to prison pipelines: Associations between school exclusion, neurodisability and age of first conviction in male prisoners
School to prison pipelines: Associations between school exclusion, neurodisability and age of first conviction in male prisoners
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学校到监狱的管道：学校排斥、神经障碍和男性囚犯首次定罪年龄之间的关联
DOI：
10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100123
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kent H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kent H
学校排斥和神经功能障碍都是随后与刑事司法系统接触的风险增加的前瞻性标志。然而，学校排斥，神经残疾和年龄之间的关系在第一次定罪得到了最小的关注。首次定罪的年龄是一个重要的结果，因为司法系统的接触是犯罪的根源，因此，在较年轻时被定罪的人有可能在司法系统中根深蒂固。这个问题得到了解决，从3035名被定罪的男性成年人，谁完成了在HMP公园（威尔士，英国）的Do-IT分析筛选评估收集的数据。多次被学校开除与较早的首次定罪有关，那些被开除一次，2-3次和4次或更多次的首次定罪平均比从未被开除的队列早3，5和6年。在被排除在外的群体中，45%的人被送到学生转介单位（PRU）（一个为被排除在主流学校之外的儿童提供的设施）。他们第一次被定罪的平均年龄比那些被排除但从未被送到PRU的人小2岁，比那些从未被排除的人小6岁。这表明，被送往PRU与更早的首次定罪有关，而不仅仅是排斥。神经残疾的每一个标准差的增加（由功能技能筛选器上的较低分数索引，在这里用作神经残疾的代理）与首次定罪时年轻0.5岁有关。最后，学校排斥与功能技能筛选分数相关，表明学校排斥可能是神经残疾儿童犯罪化的潜在机制。这些研究结果阐明了学校排斥（包括PRU转介），功能技能差，指示神经残疾，并在监狱人口中的年轻人犯罪之间的关联。
Both school exclusion and neurodisability are prospective markers for increased risk of subsequent contact with criminal justice system in general and justice-involved samples. However, relationships between school exclusion, neurodisability, and age at first conviction have received minimal attention. Age at first conviction is an important outcome, as justice system contact is criminogenic, so people convicted at a younger age are at risk of becoming entrenched in the system. This issue was addressed with data collected from 3035 convicted male adults, who completed the Do-IT Profiler screening assessment in HMP Parc (Wales, UK). Multiple school exclusions were associated with earlier first convictions, with those excluded once, 2–3 times, and 4 or more times being first convicted 3, 5, and 6 years earlier on average than the never-excluded cohort. Of the excluded cohort, 45% were sent to a Pupil Referral Unit (PRU) (a facility for children excluded from mainstream school). They were first convicted an average of 2 years younger than those who were excluded but never sent to a PRU, and an average of 6 years younger than those who were never excluded. This suggests that being sent to a PRU is associated with earlier first convictions than exclusion alone. Each standard deviation increase in neurodisability (indexed by lower scores on a functional skills screener, used here as a proxy for neurodisability) was associated with being 0.5 years younger at first conviction. Finally, school exclusion was correlated with scores on the functional skills screener, suggesting that school exclusion could be a potential mechanism for the criminalisation of children with neurodisability. These findings elucidate associations between school exclusion (including PRU referral), poor functional skills indicative of neurodisability, and criminalisation at a younger age in prison populations.
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