Practical considerations for conducting ecotoxicity test methods with manufactured nanomaterials: what have we learnt so far?
Practical considerations for conducting ecotoxicity test methods with manufactured nanomaterials: what have we learnt so far?
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DOI：
10.1007/s10646-012-0862-y
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发表时间：
2012-05
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Riediker, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Handy, Richard D.;van den Brink, Nico;Chappell, Mark;Muehling, Martin;Behra, Renata;Dusinska, Maria;Simpson, Peter;Ahtiainen, Jukka;Jha, Awadhesh N.;Seiter, Jennifer;Bednar, Anthony;Kennedy, Alan;Fernandes, Teresa F.;Riediker, Michael
关键词：
本综述报告了欧洲网络NanoImpactNet（NIN）主办的技术研讨会的共识。该研讨会旨在审查在实验室使用人造纳米材料的集体经验，并建议修改现有的实验方法和经合组织议定书。目前清洁玻璃器皿的程序适用于大多数MNM，尽管可能会发生电极干扰。与常规化学品相比，MNM更难保持接触。对于可能释放游离金属离子的金属MNM的实验，建议使用金属盐对照。应避免使用分散剂，但如果必须使用分散剂，则可以使用天然或合成分散剂，并且必须进行分散控制。时间限制和技术差距表明，在生态毒性试验过程中全面描述试验介质的特性目前尚不现实。详细的电子显微镜，暗场显微镜，一系列的光谱方法（EDX，XRD，XANES，EXAFS），光散射技术（DLS，SLS）和色谱法进行了讨论。目前正在开发便于使用的软件，以便根据DLVO理论预测试验介质中的颗粒行为，并可利用简单的光学方法来估计实验期间悬浮液的沉降行为。然而，对于土壤基质，这种简单的方法可能不适用。或者，也可采用临界体内残留方法，将生物体内的体内浓度与效应联系起来，并推导出毒性阈值。对于微生物测定，细胞壁是MNM的强大屏障，并且依赖于测试物质穿透细胞的终点可能不敏感。相反，应开发基于细胞包膜的MNM测定法。在藻类生长测试中，促进介质中颗粒聚集的非生物因素（例如离子强度）在提供营养物方面也很重要，并且操纵介质以控制分散也可能抑制生长。在藻类测试中应报告量化阴影效应的控制措施以及照明方案、摇动或混合的精确细节。光合作用可能比藻类和植物的传统生长终点更敏感。对无脊椎动物的试验应考虑颗粒粘附在生物体上的非化学毒性。对鱼类使用半静态暴露方法可以减少废水处理的后勤问题，并促进与MMN相关的畜牧业方面。有人担心，现有的生物累积性测试在概念上对MNM有缺陷，需要新的测试。体外试验策略，如遗传毒性试验，可以修改MNM，但在某些试验中的假阴性的风险是突出的。总之，大多数协议将需要一些修改和建议，以帮助研究人员在板凳上。
This review paper reports the consensus of a technical workshop hosted by the European network, NanoImpactNet (NIN). The workshop aimed to review the collective experience of working at the bench with manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), and to recommend modifications to existing experimental methods and OECD protocols. Current procedures for cleaning glassware are appropriate for most MNMs, although interference with electrodes may occur. Maintaining exposure is more difficult with MNMs compared to conventional chemicals. A metal salt control is recommended for experiments with metallic MNMs that may release free metal ions. Dispersing agents should be avoided, but if they must be used, then natural or synthetic dispersing agents are possible, and dispersion controls essential. Time constraints and technology gaps indicate that full characterisation of test media during ecotoxicity tests is currently not practical. Details of electron microscopy, dark-field microscopy, a range of spectroscopic methods (EDX, XRD, XANES, EXAFS), light scattering techniques (DLS, SLS) and chromatography are discussed. The development of user-friendly software to predict particle behaviour in test media according to DLVO theory is in progress, and simple optical methods are available to estimate the settling behaviour of suspensions during experiments. However, for soil matrices such simple approaches may not be applicable. Alternatively, a Critical Body Residue approach may be taken in which body concentrations in organisms are related to effects, and toxicity thresholds derived. For microbial assays, the cell wall is a formidable barrier to MNMs and end points that rely on the test substance penetrating the cell may be insensitive. Instead assays based on the cell envelope should be developed for MNMs. In algal growth tests, the abiotic factors that promote particle aggregation in the media (e.g. ionic strength) are also important in providing nutrients, and manipulation of the media to control the dispersion may also inhibit growth. Controls to quantify shading effects, and precise details of lighting regimes, shaking or mixing should be reported in algal tests. Photosynthesis may be more sensitive than traditional growth end points for algae and plants. Tests with invertebrates should consider non-chemical toxicity from particle adherence to the organisms. The use of semi-static exposure methods with fish can reduce the logistical issues of waste water disposal and facilitate aspects of animal husbandry relevant to MMNs. There are concerns that the existing bioaccumulation tests are conceptually flawed for MNMs and that new test(s) are required. In vitro testing strategies, as exemplified by genotoxicity assays, can be modified for MNMs, but the risk of false negatives in some assays is highlighted. In conclusion, most protocols will require some modifications and recommendations are made to aid the researcher at the bench.
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